Workers Press no. 240

workers press

THURSDAY, AUGUST 27, 1970

INCORPORATING THE NEWSLETTER • PUBLISHED FROM TUESDAY TO SATURDAY • NUMBER 240 £1,000 August 'Misguided', Feather claims, but Appeal Fund stands at Unemployment £579 8s 3d with four days to go 379 1. is Tory policy our donations in today to : workers press Anneal Hund. 186a Clapham High Street, London, SW4. APART FROM verbal protest against the Shell steward sacked government's 'misguided and dangerous course of action' on wages, the Trades Union Congress General Council meeting in London yesterday 45 produced nothing. This paralysis nolds the greatest dangers ior d

DATA

working class threatened not just with wage-freezing and rising prices, but aiso mass unemployment.

pickels. It is. essential, for ex.

BY CLIFF SLAUGHTER

lock-out: whole ample, that the yesterday trade union movement prepared and mobilized in Rolls solidarity with workers nationalized industries and plants Linwood stewards ocal covernment woo are strikes threatened being wilh said, vere ha sortea our lor a snow• down' the refuse MA government. backing the formation of exacerbate the overall THE joint shop stewards' Some of the sacked Burmal Merseesse demonstration.

the head of Monday's 6,000-strong "This committee at Kous-kovce s Coventry factories yester-

• PAGE FOUR COL. 3 →

FORTY-FIVE strikers day rejectea a proposal or arrested four weeks ago on action in support sien the thes of est

LATIN AMERICA

Guerrillas a peacetul picket at the compan slovv stan and

JOD.

Guerrillas resist who the Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, tecnnical on march in nment not to dis Burmah Oil refinery con- nave deen lockea our since July 14. struction site appear Philippines police repression court today after learning Stevar that a convenor at shell's 'Straight talk' GUERRILLA struggles in Stanlow refinery nearby Haen 'TUPAMAROS' guerrillas in Uruguay, now negotiating the Philippines against the site nas been dismissed with the Brazilian dictatorship for the release of political the fourth in two years. pro-US regime of President honte derre entatives McCormack orisoners in exchange for the brazilan consul ano une.

Alan Marcos have increased US official kidnapped in Montevideo (capital of Uruguay) tinDATA members were told as having sharply in recent weeks. several weeks ago, nave carried out a raid to provide themselves with additional funds.

he Corent prenne al considérations a whole num seyst of the arsested op through the town Taking advantage of the

BY A

police rule imposed Dv the

CORRESPONDENT

SUPPORT CALL

Pacheco regime throughout area have been leaders since a year (CGT) asked for small Uruguay, por sand conditions improved the factor ave guerrillas dependently dressed as policemen and theat et cal armed wild suD-machine ron the manual workers for mentiated trente the state.

guns entered a large store support. ne themselves to guerrila coed ro, villages under viontevideo explaining they naa come Still no date employee se in c the arrest being of for London docks suspected "Tupamaros' member. well surde the ester cout 10. the sale inso YESTERDAY'S meeting of Pre arerkine stades are ile saliders: of a mile from the London enclosea docks modernization committee Stalinists and Zionists was unade to nx une dale for the implementation of No secret Phase Two of the Devlir Serait te resement ar welcome Fulbright plan and productivity pay scheme-contrary to what

PITCHED BATTLE

working class had been anticipated. Ahe Democratie t WHILE Israeli opinion

CORRESPONDENT

HILE Antiago eh capita threatening has welcomed many of fficers Palestine Nabulsin Senator Fulbright's pro- ther accompanied Hussein to serein on a re had nee posals for a US-Israeli Moscow's Tass hed battle sin Mon Israel. succeeded press agency has de- clared its support for his statement-but omitting all reference to the hase two on September treaty, All Trades Unions it the urging Alliance Conference reactionarye and Liquid waste

MINERS

sir morking hazard lightest pretexts. Sunday, September 6 the Danum Hotel which High St publisheu gh ster

DONCASTER

bon tin g

DETAILS

Classe by theofficial trad

/RITER

DERWENT

ONtederation for the General the tipping

CASTLEFORD, YORKSHIRE.

Confederation wastes. Central Committee of the Socialist Labour League PRICE 6d.

NCE

GKN stewards during a break in yesterday's talks.

NATIONAL officials of four car unions rep- resenting workers at GKN-Sankey's Wellington, Shropshire factory held informal

BY JOHN SPENCER

talks with management representatives at a London hotel yesterday afternoon. followed The talks of the Motor meeting mains in dispute is the out- Pools Industry National Joint exer- cise carried oft a cordiment Council earlier in the day.

the agreement reached last year. Shop stewards' COnvenors and district omelasor Ine

IN İ ERIM

In volved" - AEr.

G&MW EPTU

United now on Top trade union circles are Pattérnmakers and believed to favour an interim standing by during the pay offer Sankev wor. Lo cae riril surke pickets manicu which the of of Little They were seeking the stei company to go ahead with a football-pool mula to settle the three-week- in Liverpool vesterday.

BOLS

Ule component a nus ber of ke- About 150 Littlewoods plant, wnieh nas nated prices. ducton al workers memoers une motor factories. Scientific. Diaz said vesterday that.

Technical and the talks were unsuccesstill.

FROZEN

Staffs have been on strike productivity negotiations 13 days the firm's the factory unions start all over again'. refusal recognize heir 5,000 achale 101 Dalker s dismissed workers. whose wares nave pools picket frozen for the last 15 neen months. onces was postooned week while officials of the The has ( orom sa to Department Employment of from hostages linked six-grade wage and ment impicos statule which re-

ALIYOS

sul claic, hunger strike

TWO

ALGERIAN

officials off British plane A MASS MEETING of 2,000 motor workers at British- airport on Have now begun a hunger Leyland's Leyland, Lancashire, factory yesterday voted surike. overwhelmingly to support the struggle of the sacked Israeli Foreign delegates Pilkington glassworkers for reinstatement.

Abba Eban told International Federation A resolution put to the Pilots of Airline 1 utsudy meeting by convenor Len unar tere woula De no eary release o ener Maior knado their complaints through the Brindle stated that Leyland Dielloul or Ali Balaziz. nachinery the workers 'identify them- thought the Israeli is with Pilkington selves ts obvious that tne trade covernment Intends use union leaders have now aban- them as nostages tor the re- workers in their fight for lease of Israelis held by various doned glass- reinstatement and agreed workers to their fate. Arab countries. work in une union branches and district com- mittees for similar resolu- tions to bring pressure to bear on the union leaders.

1 CONFIDENT

Hower blacking

THE VICTORY OF THE

made Pilkington

FOURTH INTERNATIONAL

GO FORWARD

eading members of the St Helens rank-and-file

THAT MEANS FORWARD TO

THE FIRST

Lee were duressis Lile Lev

ALI IRUISKYIST PAPE

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Tana bent-saits. night ane the Chor- will De speaking at

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ley factory today.

SILENT

Meanwhile, the TUC leaders remain silent on the Pilking ackings despite May at the end statement ul tuc seven-week 'there Tual would De no vic Monday, 14 September timization ot anv na or any individual or group of indi- 72

TUC

of the "Trotsky's struggle against Stalinism' General report the forthcoming con- annual their position Monday, 21 September Ilares gute clear. their 900-word report on the dispute, not one men- *Trotsky's fight against revisionism' tion is made of their under- that

BEAVER HALL

reached on on others. out

GARLICK HILL

'In July, the General Coun- Near Mansion House tube cil decideo that ine rank- Starts 8 p.m. and-file committee should Admission 2s advised disband their Both lectures given by G. HEALY (SLL national secretary) and ganization pursue

workers press

THURSDAY, AUGUST 27, 1970

• PUBLISHED FROM TUESDAY TO SATURDAY •

NUMBER

240

INCORPORATING THE NEWSLETTER

'Misguided', Feather claims, but £1,000 AuguSt Appeal Fund stands at Unemployment £579 8s 3d with four days to go YESTER AS Do For the ind us a total is Tory policy let a dave as ba sti ny four da' ra see an this month. Workers Press, Appeal Fund, loba Clapham high street.

London, SW4. against the APART FROM verbal protest Shell steward sacked government's 'misguided and dangerous course of action' on wages, the Trades Union Congress General Council meeting in London yesterday '45 produced nothing. the greatest dangers for a This paralysis holds

PEK EFULL

DATA

working class threatened not just with wage-reezing and rising prices, but also mass unemployment.

It is. essential, tor ex-

BY CLIFF SLAUGHTER

lock-out: ample, that the whole the Strike had cos trade union movement be prepared and mobilized in Rolls

MOCRACY

And 5150 cans Pom hel solidarity with workers in from nationalzed industries and since Apribecause local government who are stewards id were having a go thei threatened being with sorted out for 'show- Tory refuse down TRe government. that backing ahe of co-operation sel nish world markers, and to THE joint shop stewards' to keep magicosts down. Bu some of the sacked Burman Merseysed demonstration committee at Rolls-Royce's Coventry factories yester-

FACE FOUR COL.

day rejected a proposal for FORTY-FIVE strikers arrested four weeks ago or action in support of the

LATIN AMERICA

Guerrillas company's 1,000 staff and a peaceful picket at the Guerrillas resist the The Cheshire, technical Ellesmere workers Who on march in Burmah Oil refinery con- have been locked out since not tad disturb the site uv 4. and are i Philippines appeal police repression court today after learning 'conciliation that a convenor at Shell's 'Straight talk GUERRILLA struggles in nearby Stanlow refinery majore dire 'TUPAMAROS' guerrillas in Uruguay, now negotiating site has been dismissed- the Philippines against the Next week. Prime Ministe DATA pickets Feather leath the fourth in two years. with the Brazılian dictatorship tor the release ot political pro-US regime of President prisoners in exchange for the Brazilian consul and the McCormack Marcos have increased support US official kidnapped in Montevideo (capital of Uruguay) when he led his de. TINATA members several weeks ago, have carried out a raid to provide sharply in recent weeks in the Coventry themse ves with adcitiona tunds.

port of the arrested pickets.

through the town a whole Taking advantage of the

BY A

Considerati serious orkers police rule imposed by the

CORRESPONDENT

a. Zain bals, Bet

SUPPORT CALL

nd Shell site: warnings: the Pacheco regime throughout can, an and pantain., Dea des Uruguay, five guerrillas dressed as policemen and have enow contestablished es armed with the sub-machine a no manual Weakers al cantral Luzon in the country.

guns entered a large store

TUC

support. Montevideo The government refused to central themselves Heath explaining they had come Still no date arrest an employee sent in the Fest even monit ment ere to her her e the re suspected being for London docks nee employea 'Tupamaros' member. of this the fil Per won las the safe of over he, robbed devin stone versed the YESTERDAY'S meeting of srikes are legaladers: and the London enclosed docks from Their committee modernization Stalinists and Zionists was unable to fix the date tor the imnementation No secret welcome Fulbright plan Phase Iwo of the Devin pay For the capitalists, it is th and productivity scheme-contrary to what insatiable to mard or ant

PITCHED BATTLE

nao been anucipated. 2117

CORRESPONDENT

WHILE Israeli opinion stands at the centre of Oyers as sect esman refuse players efused the The government has mad of nas welcomed many i prevented the wo sides Senator Fulbright's pro- egyptians that had Petite linen it recognted posals for a Us-Israeli agreeing on a date. treaty Moscow's Tass workers Nasserite' regime.

SHORT

NOTICE

press has de agency He ice to man- clared its support for his 'Break off' statement-but omitting Ve discovered to leas reference to the have ye implementi complain nocratic as longer exist Because the chase two ren Septembert 5 America urealy. All Trades Unions Moscow Ful- at the urging of the Alliance Conference Liquid waste

MINERS

Iraqis. hazard Sunday, September 6 millary Coup which Pe Danum Hotel urged in a report in Jordan

DONCASTER

ode on thalt of est

RITE TO: 1.

in on as bes: This would then be

DERWENT

to state Pal further Concediators for the General The

ASTLEFORD, YORKSHIRE.

ist occupation. The daily organ of the Central Committee of the League Socialist Labour PRICE 6d.

NCE

GKN stewards during a break in vesterdav's talks.

NATIONAL officials of four car unions rep- resenting workers at GKN-Sankey's Wellington,

BY JOHN SPENCER

Shropshire factory held informal talks with management representatives at a London hotel yesterday afternoon. The talks followed meeting of the Motor in dispute mains Is the out- Pools National Industry Joint come of a evan exer. cise carried out according to Council earlier in the day.

reached last year. Sh district stewards' convenors ana INİERiM UnIONS invoived now on United Top trade union circles are and Patternmakerc believed to favour interin were standing during the Sankev wor. Day onet

FIFTY

strike pickets manned Kerc which wold The of 'one of Little. were seeking ahead with a football-pool de- the three-week- settle productivity aimed yesterday. strike pots in Liverpool the factory's component has halted About 150 stet odd Dlanil. wich

OTO-

_piece-work AEF district secretary Joseph number ot ke members duction ata workers Scientific, motor tactories. Diaz Acador Sale vesteredy unal Managerial Technical unsuccessful. and the talks were

FROZEN

strike _have heen nroductivity for 13 days over the firm's factory 'might have to the neons are demanene refusal all-round increase 75 5,000 start all over again' an and to reinstate week dismissed fficers. whose planning

WUIKCIS.

Warcs picke pools The for the last been trozen offices postponed Was last montes The week while ofcials the rises benartment amnloument ot from hostages and Productivity met manage- linked six-grade wage union represent- atives. which re structure. hunger strike

TWO

ALGERIAN

taken British plane A MASS MEETING of 2,000 motor workers at British- Tel Aviy airport on August 14 have now begun a hunger Leyland's Leyland, Lancashire, factory yesterday voted strike. overwhelmingly to support the struggle of the sacked Foreign israel! Minister Pilkington glassworkers for reinstatement.

Abba delegatec the International Federation A resolution put to the of Airline that there meeting by convenor Len of either Major Khatib their complaints through the Brindle stated that Leyland Dielloul or Ali Balaziz internal workers 'identify them- is thought the Israeli Pilkington đor the use selves with It is obvious that the trade form nase hostages intends re- union leaders have now aban workers in their fight for lease of Israelis held by various Coned the sacked reinstatement' and agreed * Arab countries. workers to their tate. to work in the union branches and district com- Trotsky Memorial Lectures mittees for similar resolu- tions to bring pressure to bear on the union leaders.

INIONTO LADI WORDS

I AM CONFIDENT OF

However, mention

THE VICTORY OF THE

was made of blacking

FOURTH INTERNATIONAL

glass

GO FORWARD...

headina mamhard ot the st commit- Helene

HAT MEANIC C

tee

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land, be Speakin night

19ZATHAT MEANS BUILI

will Chor- speaking at the

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ley tactory

SILENT

Meanwhile, the TUC leaders Pilking- remain suent

CO C

sackingd desnite their statement In May at the end seven-week glass strike of tho that there would be of kind of an Monday, 14 September individual indi- 72 of the

TUC

'Trotsky's struggle against Stalinism' secuon Council's General the fortheoming con- ference makes their position Monday, 21 September quite clear. on the 900-word report dispute, one men- 'Trotsky's fight against revisionism' of their tion made under- that taking out aereement

BEAVER HALL

was reached on certain Issued not hut on othere'. 00A(

GARLICK HILL

In Tuly. Near Mansion House tube cil decided that the rank- nd-fi committee should Starts 8 p.m. Admission 2s disband Both lectures given by G. HEALY (SLL national secretary) canizanon ano pursue

AND REVOLUTION

PAGE TWO

LEON TROTSKY, in his struggle found to continue the work of Lenin the Bolsheviks, and was un- doubtedly the theoretician and practical leader of the Marxist movement in the epoch of world proletarian revolution and transi- tion from capitalism to socialism, the epoch up by the opened October 1917 Revolution in Russia. Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico in August 1940 by a hired agent of the Stalinist secret police. But the theoretical and politi- cal work to develop Marxism, which he had carried out in the period since October 1917 (as well as earlier), was so pro- TROTSKY'S 'Literature and Revolution', written 1923-24, brings his overall historical and philosophi- histo cal outlook into ex- tremely sharp focus. It is a trenchant analysis of the various literary schools existing in the early years of revolutionary Soviet Russia.

Too often dismissed as a by-product or diversion from directly political his more writings, it is in fact a direct attack the idea on -en- that time by couraged at Stalin, Bukharin, Lunacharsky and others - of 'proletarian culture' and 'proletarian literature'. By analyzing these problems to their depths, which lie in the class struggle and the con- flict between productive forces production, and relations of Trotsky was able to expound and enrich the Marxist theory of historical materialism, and to provide a also necessary foundation for the political struggle against the programme of Stalin and Bukharin. Trotsky's introduction states his main point very clearly: It is fundamentally in- to contrast bourgeois correct culture and bourgeois art with proletarian culture and pro- letarian art. "The latter will never exist, because the proletarian regime is temporary and transient. The historic significance and the moral grandeur of the proletarian revolution consist in the fact that it is laying the foundations of a culture which is above classes and which will be the first culture which is truly human' (p. 14). As for 'proletarian culture' under capitalism, before the conquest of power, Trotsky re- states the Marxist position that the proletariat is first and fore- most an exploited class, separated from the gains made by humanity in its struggle with nature. Concentrated proletariat develops • are d The class-consciousness, concen- trated into political strategy, and organization and tactics the methodological develop- ments which underlie and en- rich them. Only by abolishing itself as a class (by abolishing the property foundation class society) will the pro- letariat put itself into a posi- tion to acquire and develop culture. the Whereas bourgeoisie, before it rules society, growing in the pores feudal up society, up its 'own' builds of private ownership; type builds its schools, own churches and academies; trains its own corps of administra- tors, philosophers, architects, dramatists and poets, the pro- I would like inform Fill in the form below and se

SECRETARY, SOCIALIST LI

186A CLAPHAM HIGH ST, L

Name Address found that it remains-in the form of the struggle to build the Fourth International - the basis of the struggle for wor- kers' power today. It is essential to see Trotsky's life's work as a whole, and to understand why he himself re- garded his last few years, build- ing up the Fourth International, as the culmination of that life's work. Literary 'admirers' and com- dismiss this later work, after his exile from the Soviet Union, as a episode - contrasted with the letariat grows up under capi- talism in a state of depriva- tion from culture. It becomes conscious of its historical aims only by be- coming conscious of its lack of culture. In our own day, reformists left' Raymond like the 'new Williams ('Culture and Society') and Richard Hoggart ('The Uses of Literacy') have put forward the idea of a 'working-class culture': mean- ing some special 'values' or 'way of life' which the pro- letariat, quite apart from its trade union and political development, strives to pre- serve against 'industrialism'.

BUKHARIN

an idea is only Such a 'cultural' reflection (a reflec- tion in the lower middle-class of English intelligentsia) with its message reformism, that capitalism can be gradu- ally rendered harmless and un- recognizable by the gradual growth of progressive tenden- cies within it. These gentlemen mean, of course, that middle-class intel- lectuals themselves and bureau- crats, leaning on the working class and preventing it from asserting its real strength, will be able to attain high positions and influence in bourgeois society and thus achieve the middle-class dream of stabliza- tion. What has this to do with the problems dealt with by Trotsky in 1924? The differences over 'culture' are directly related to political differences. In his criticism of Stalin's and Bukharin's theory of 'socialism in one country', Trotsky insisted first of all that it was a reversion to reformism; to a national ver- which sion of socialism destroyed the revolutionary and internationalist essence of socialism. When Bukharin, for example, commented on Trotsky's 'Literature and Revolution', he rejected its main argument (the impossibility of a proletarian culture) on political grounds.

According Bukharin, to Trotsky underestimated the length . of time which would be taken up by the era of proletarian revolution. Trotsky, he said, was impatient and e information about below and send to NATIONAL

CIALIST LABOUR LEAGUE,

HIGH ST, LONDON, SW4.

'heroic', years when Trotsky was leader of the Red Army and Commissar of War in the young Soviet Republic. It was because of Trotsky's development as a Marxist that he could understand the need to concentrate everything in the 1930s-deepest years of fascist reaction and Stalinist degenera- tion, both succoured by work- ing-class defeats-on the selec- tion and training of a conscious Leninist vanguard, Inter- an national of parties and leagues in every country. Trotsky During these years, was condemned and hounded by the Stalinists as an enemy of the Soviet Union. over-optimistic about the world revolution. There could long period before be a socialism was achieved, and this would give time for the formation of a proletarian cul- ture in Russia. What Bukharin was actually arguing was that the cultural tasks in Soviet Russia should be tackled in a way consistent with whole Stalin- the Bukharin political line: capi- talism is stabilizing itself, the be built Soviet economy can 'at a snail's pace', the workers' struggle in all countries-from China to Britain - will go through different 'stages', often under non-communist leader- ships, before the world revo- lution spreads; the "Trotskyist' (actually Leninist) theory of world revolution is dangerous and must be dropped culture' •Proletarian was therefore encouraged as the artistic and literary accompani- ment of the 'experiment' of building a special Russian kind of socialism. In 'Literature and Revolu- tion', Trotsky presents a thorough Marxist analysis of the real relations between literary creation and the pro- letarian revolution. To do this he had to discuss fundamental questions of the Marxist method - and for this reason the book is invaluable to stu- dents of Marxism. If we take, for example, the with which middle- question class intellectuals most are often preoccupied in the dis- cussion of Soviet literature: namely, the authority of the proletarian state and party, we find Trotsky presents it in quite different terms from the usual 'free- argument about dom of the individual'. Monstrosities Of course the subsequent Stalinist monstrosities and atrocities in this sphere them- selves contributed to alien- • intellectuals. ating many But the most important point is to understand the more funda- mental and historical relations between the revolution and the artist's work: 'The proletariat has to have in art the expression of the new spiritual point of view which is just beginning to be formu- him, lated within and to which art must help him to give form. 'This is not a state order, but an historic necessity. You pass this by, cannot nor escape its force' (p. 170).

therefore, It follows, that the proletarian state and the Marxist party under the pro- letarian dictatorship has to judge literary schools from the standpoint of their contribu- tion to a future 'truly human' culture. It cannot create schools of literature by decree. Besides writers from the working class, there are who give writers only general support, and who are trying to adapt the literary forms they know to the his- torical forces created by the revolution. "The party cannot tell them what they should write. 'The party stands guard over the historic interests of the working class in its entirety. Because it prepares consciously by the ground step step for a new culture and therefore for a new art, it regards the literary fellow-travellers not as the competitors of the writers of the working class, but as the real or potential helpers of the working class in the big work of reconstruction. "The party understands the episodic character of the literary groups of a transition them, period and estimates not from the point of view of The Stalinist bureaucracy, in the Soviet Union, taking advan- tage of the attachment of mil- lions of workers all over the world to the gains of the Octo- ber Revolution, used the Com- munist Parties of every country to provide support for its physi- cal liquidation of Trotsky's sup- porters and for its collaboration with imperialism. Trials finally The Moscow condemned virtually the whole of the October leadership of Bolshevism as 'enemies of the the people' and proceeded to kill them off. Opposition to Stalinism was equated with counter-revolu- tionary opposition to Soviet 'socialism'.

PART ONE

the class passports of the individual gentlemen literati, but from the point of view of the place which these groups occupy and can occupy in pre- socialist culture' paring (pp. 218-219). It was because Stalin and the Kremlin bureaucracy, representing all the most con- servative forces in Russia and leaning on world imperialism, broke with these fundamental Marxist conceptions of the socialism, transition to that there ensued the later vicious repressions in literary and scientific fields as well as in politics. Those who prefer to attack the Stalinist 'theories' of 'pro- letarian culture' and 'socialist realism' simply as some sort of undemocratic and crude appli- cation of dictatorial methods can only seek for a liberaliza- tion or humanization of Stalinism - and cannot attack it at its roots, in a revolu- tionary way, from the stand- point of Marxism and the working class. They become simply middle- class well-wishers of Stalinism. By approaching the problem of literature and revolution with the method of Marxism, Trotsky was following out very consciously the line and the advice of Lenin. Lenin himself denounced all attempts to 'proletarian' invent a special culture and especially empha- for the pro- sized the need letariat to acquire the culture of past societies. But there is a deeper sense in which Trotsky carried into effect method and of Lenin on this approach question. The whole book 'Literature and Revolution' keeps return- ing to the theme of this dialec- method, tical materialist as opposed to idealism: which is, of course, rampant in fields like literary criticism. ...!

LUNACHARSKY

For example, idealism of an 'ultra-left' variety was very dramatic common among at that time in the critics USSR. Instead of analyzing and presenting drama as the living expression of specific social and historical relations, these they critics thought could deduce a new and truly revo- lutionary drama from the general 'nature' of the revolu- tionary proletariat; its atheism, its activism and its need for objectivity etc. These critics attacked a French writer's work, which depicted a stage of the struggle working class, the French as 'repetitive' and tiresome — contrasting it with their own ideal version of the dynamism of the October Revolution, out of which they constructed in their minds a 'true' drama. Trotsky says: "To carry over the action of a definite historical milieu into an abstract constructivism, is in this case a deviation from the revolution - from that real, true revolution which is developing obstinately and

WORKERS PRESS

Trotsky's role was actually to defend the conquests of the October Revolution against the parasitic and counter-revolution- ary Stalinist bureaucracy.

* He started from the veiwpoint of the world proletarian revolu- tion, of which October was the first breakthrough. True defence of the Soviet Union was the ex- tension of the revolution. Inso- far as this was not achieved, then the transition to socialism in the USSR must remain in grave danger. The productive forces on which socialism will be based In Two Parts Trotsky pictured in 1924 in Caucasia. country moving from to and which appears, country, some pseudo- therefore, to revolutionists as a boresome repetition' (p. 238). We are back to the same methodological point as when Trotsky explained the role of 'fellow-travellers' in literature.

It is a matter of examining, and working on, as revolution- ists engaged in making history, of the actual process pro- revolution in all its letarian forms and with all its influ- ences and shadings; examining 'fellow-travellers', the example, ... from the point of view of the place which these groups occupy and can occupy in preparing a socialist culture'. In the 1920 controversy in the Bolshevik Party concerning the role of the trade unions, Lenin had laid great stress on this aspect of the dialectical materialistic method. At that time grave dangers had arisen from a tendency to impose a schema of what the workers' ought to be state upon the working class and the trade unions; to deduce from the theory of trade unions and the workers' state what their interrelation ought to be.

Lenin hit very hard, against both Bukharin and Trotsky at that time, insisting that the actual struggle of opposites within reality must be estab- lished by the 'concrete analy- sis of concrete conditions'; "The truth is always concrete.

'concrete study' Such a showed up the bureaucratic distortions in the workers' state, and made necessary the independence of workers' trade unions from 'their' state.

Thus it was no idle philo- sophical discussion. The dia- lectical method had to be fought for as a matter of the life and death of the workers' state. Bukharin not only refused his mistakes but to correct persisted in them, and this was largely responsible for the Party crisis of 1921 which led to the ban on factions. This Party discussion had its own dialectic. Mistakes Those who persisted in their mistakes thereby created a new situation. Small mistakes, given a new development in the class forces revolution, and the became the transition to big problems and to a major party crisis: Lenin considered that Trot- sky made errors in this respect at that time, but the apologists for Stalinism always like to forget that at the vital stage it was Bukharin - soon to be Stalin's main 'theoretician' - who made the fatal descent into syndicalism by persisting in his mistake. As Lenin put it: "Trotsky, who had been "chief" in the struggle, has been "outstripped" and now "eclipsed" by Buk- entirely harin, who has thrown the struggle into an entirely new balance by talking himself into a mistake that is much more serious than all of Trotsky's put together ('Collected Works', Vol. 32, pp. 50-51).

Between 1921 and 1924 (when 'Literature and Revolu- tion' appeared), of course, embarked upon Lenin his alliance with Trotsky against the bureaucratic methods of Stalin. his work on literature, In then, Trotsky was fighting against the growth of bureau- cracy, and this fight coincided and was identical with the fight for the dialectical method against idealism, which pro- ceeds with norms of what ought to be. built under capitalism, struggle for individual existence are and the October Revolution had -given the special problems of capitalism only isolation, wars of intervention, wrested from fraction of the world; within encirclement and exhaustion— the productive 'did not abate in the succeeding moreover forces were extremely backward.

years, but, on the contrary, assumed at times an unheard-of In the light of this situation, Revolution Be- Trotsky recalled the words of the ferocity.' ('The trayed', Chap. 3.) young Marx (1846): fundamental 'A development of the pro- Against these ductive i forces is the absolute Marxist positions, Stalin posed practical premise [of the programme of 'socialisn necessary communism], one country' as early as 1924.

because without The it want is generalized, and with whole counter-revolution- want the struggle for necessities ary history of Stalinism begins again, and that means acting out of this revisionist theory. It was the charter of the that all the old crap must re- Stalinist bureacracy. vive. In fact, as Trotsky pointed out, The Revolution, the Russian Revolution the conscious Marxist preparation for after the October tist along who Interesting here is a com- would come Trotsky, could all new parison made by grasp these be generalizations methodologic- which incidentally may ally and introduce them noted by all those who try to the dialectic separate historical materialism materialist con- of world. He from the dialectics of nature.

ception the Against all these who could thus, at the same time, the theories 'deduced' from the 'revolution- test new and ary nature' of the proletariat develop the dialectic method deeper 219-220. the programme of a proletarian (Pp. My and literature, Trotsky emphasis-CS). art asks: why not a proletarian Trotsky, proceeding as science also? materialist, considers the vari- well as natural 'What are the metaphysicians ous arts, as be elements of science, to of a purely proletarian science going to say about the theory man's living struggle to control destiny. of relativity? Can it be recon- nature and own They develop in and ciled with materialism or not?

must through this and struggle, Has this question been decided? Where and when and cannot be deduced from abstract theories. by whom? For example, having des- 'It is clear to anyone, even and cribed briefly the social the uninitiated, that the technical elements of the work of our physiologist, Pay- architecture developing in lov, is entirely along materialist Soviet Russia, Trotsky says: lines. 'But what is one to say about "Thus, beyond practical the of psychoanalytic theory problem and the steady work Freud? Can be reconciled problem, of solving this one with materialism, for as cannot create a new architec- instance, Karl Radek thinks tural style. (and I also), or is it hostile to *The effort to reason out it? such a style by the method of 'The same question can be deduction from the nature of put to all the new theories of the proletariat, from its collec- atomic structure, etc., etc..

tivism, atheism and so forth, is 'It would be fine if a scien- the purest idealism, and will

BBC 1

12.55-1.25 p.m. Maes a Mor. 1.30 Watch with mother. 1.45-1.53 News 4.55 and weather. 4.20 Play school. 4.40 Noggin and the Umruds. 5.15 Harlem globetrotters.

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TOM AND JERRY.

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THE EXPERT.

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9.10 INVESTITURE OF HRH THE PRINCE OF WALES.

10.00 ACROSS THE GREAT DIVIDE. 'A misfit'.

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TOUT

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valanes Nationwide. 11.42 11.42 rounc

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day. East. Nationwide.

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South West: 6.00-6.45 Your night. North and

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West. South. 11.42 News and weather Points Nation- Wales: 6.00-6.45 Wales 10.1000-10.30 today. wiee 6.45-7.10 Heddiw. nanonwice. NeWS anu Bric-a-brac. weather.

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7.00 NEVER MIND THE QUALITY, FEEL THE WIDTH.

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'Trouble brewing'. With George Formby, George Withers. A compositor with burning ambitions to become a private eye tries to track down a gang of daring counterfeiters.

9.00 THE WORKER.

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Robert With Zena Walker, 11.00 THRILLER: Danger tomorrow'.

Urquhart, Lisa Daniely, When the doctor Rupert Davies. called out to a patient one night, his wife has a vision of a man and woman fighting on the staircase.

12.05 a.m. IDEAS IN PRINT.

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Tanges 20 4.15 CHANNEL: 2.30-3.30 States of Jersey

SOUTHERN:

4.00 lottery. 4.30 birthday greet- Purin'e London 4.> orest racers.

LOT-

4.55 aptair 5.20 Day day. 6.35 Never Scarier. don 7.05 say die Film: goose Steps KEnglish Hay, Crossroads. With Will Ustinov. retel from B Rio' meek schoo teacher London. agent Ge 9.30 London. 8.30 Engle New Humperdinck touch bee 11.00 12.05. News. 4.27 Gus Honeybun show Channel Weather. Action 70. 4.25 As Encha Ced Dads. 1555 Fain. Crossroads. 4S forest rangers. for life. 12.00 Weather. Hubble Thursday, August 27, 1970 it, the active leadership of it, the analysis of it, the defence of its gains, its relation to the world revolution; these were the essential problems around which all Trotsky's work centred.

And because the Russian Revolution opened up success- fully the whole era of world socialist revolution, and consti- tutes the most essential experi- ence of the international wor- kers' movement, so the Marxist leadership of the working class needs to be trained in all of Trotsky's work, as the starting- point for penetrating every devel- opment in the proletariat and its revolution, and thus developing Marxism further. give nothing but an ingenious expression of one's ego, an arbitrary allegorism, and the same old provincial dilettant- ism' (p. 136). In our next article, we take up the Marxist theory of literature in its most general sense, as dealt with in 'Litera- ture and Revolution'. Trotsky makes many brilliant and profound explana- tions on this matter, but it is only because he has been able to enrich the Marxist outlook: precisely by a materialist and dialectical analysis of the revo- lutionary conditions of Soviet literature, and not by writing a general textbook on Marxism and literature. of 'Literature and Readers Revolution' should therefore not be put off by the fact that the book deals with schools of writers with whose works we are unfamiliar, and should not simply try to extract passages of more general interest.

It is precisely because he makes that detailed analysis of the relation of writers to the Russian revolution that Trot- sky can make a major con- tribution to Marxist theory in this book. • To be continued. 5.20 London. 6.01 Report. 6.10 Mad movies. 6.35 Crossroads. 7.00 Movie: With Jane Wyman. Richard thriller in which a young man, suspected of the from on run the police. 11.00 Tales of Edgar Wallace. 12.00 Weather.

HTV (West) colour channel 61 as 4.23-4.25 above except: and 6.01- 6.35 Scene West. HTV (Wales) channel 41 as colour above except: 5.20-5.50 C Y Gwyllt. 11.00 Y Dydd. 11.30-12.00 Hyd a Lled HTV (Cymru/Wales) black and white service 5.20-5.50 as above except: Gwyllt. 6.01 Y Dydd. 6.30-6.35 Report Wales.

ANGLIA:

2.05-4.15 4.30 News. 4.40 Paulus. 4.50 About Anglia. Film: 6.00 6.20 Arena. 6.35 7.00 "Destroyer'. Crossroads. With Edward G Robinson, Glenn Ford. Life on a warship. 9.00 Lon- don. 11.00 Prisoner. 11.55 Reflection.

ATV MIDLANDS: 4.02 Women today.

Enchanted 4.10 Peyton Place. 4.40 house. 4.55 today. 6.55 Crossroads. 5.15 London.

6.00 ATV

7.00 "Wives Film: and lovers' With Janet Leigh, Van Johnson, Shelley Winters. comedy about a struggling novelist who suddenly becomes successful but finds that life among the idle rich 8.47 Alley does not suit him. cat. 9.00 London. 11.00 Untouchables. 11.56 Who knows! Weather.

4.50

ULSTER:

4.30 Romper room. News. 4.55 Mr 5.20 London. Piper. 6.05 Nanny and the 6.00 News. pro- 6.35 Crossroads. 7.00 Cartoon fessor. 7.10 Branded. 7.40 Name of the treat. game. 9.00 London. 11.00 Avengers.

YORKSHIRE: 2.05-3.50 Cricket Mati- 3.55 Houseparty. 4.10 Origami. 4.25 "The heirloom'. 4.50 Skippy. 5.20 nee: 6.00 London. Calendar. Weather. 6.35 Saint. 7.30 If it moves, file it. 8.00 Mannix. 9.00 London. 11.00 Avengers.

GRANADA: 4.10 News. Short story: 'Footnote a hurrican' 4.40 En- to chanted house. ( 4.55 Forest rangers. 6.00 Newsview. 6.05 5.15 London. 6.30 Champions. 7.25 Film: On site. With Isn't life wonderful'. Cecil Donald Wolfit, Eileen Merlie. Diane comedy A about an family's Edwardian problems. 9.00 London. 11.00 Invaders. TYNE TEES: 11.25-1.30, 2.45 Cricket.

4.05 News. 4.10 Please sir! 4.40 Hatty Town. 4.55 Skippy. 5.20 London. 6.00 6.35 Today 6.30 Police call. at six. Skv's the limit. 7.05 Love American 8.00 Invaders. 9.00 London. stvle. 11.00 University challenge. 11.30 News.

11.45 Centre and circumference of civilization. BORDER: 4.13 News. 4.15 Nanny and 4.55 Professor. the 4.40 Enchanted house. 5.15 6.00 Mr Piper. London. Crossroads. News. Lookaround. 6.35 7.00 Film: "The farmer takes a wife'. Grable. With Dale Robertson, Betty Thelma Ritter. Romantic comedy about a cook on a barge who trans- fers her affections from the barge- owner to the horsedriver. 8.30 If it file London. moves, SCOTTISH: 4.15 London. 4.55 Forest rangers. 5.15 London. 6.05 Wally 7.05 Whyton style. 6.30 High living. Film: "The baited trap'. With Richard Lee Cobb. 8.30 Hogan's London. Festival heroes. 10.30 now. 11.00 Late call. 11.05 Court martial. GRAMPIAN: 4.20 Freud on food.

4.50 6.00 News Win a word. 5.15 London. 6.10 F and walthe 659 troop. 6.35 Crossroads. Movie: 'Love leave me'. 9.00 London. 11.00 Man in a suitcase.

OVERTHROW GREEK

Thursday, August 27, 1970 APARTHEID is a basic The history of this oppression for the first was, time, recorded and documented in a book called element in the fraud called "300 Years', , published in S Africa British democracy. -the tercentenary of the in 1952- Dutch colonialists' landing at the Cape in 1652. Like other bourgeois every democracy in W Europe, British 'The This book, and also rests four-square on democracy Mission- Role of the (British) and semi-colonial colonial aries' (both published by organ- despotism. izations belonging the Non- to To this Alexis de European Movement), extent, Tocqueville (1805-1859), a Minis- of British colour- takes the story ter in the 1848 French Republic.

bars 1952. The up picture altered is worth in any impor- quoting: nOL tant element since then. "The physiognomy of a govern- The Labour and Tory ment mav best be luagea in lls and ments on uranium arms are for there its features colonies, part of the continuation of this are magnified and rendered more history in our own present time.

its deformity is through a micro- there seen as In these histories, of none British scope. which are taught in schools or university- -for obvious the South Africa, since тос- how de Teason- -we learn permanent occupation of the queville's maxim applied Cape in 1806, was such a colony. Africa. And it today a semi- colony of this type. The appearance of the 'colour

PASS LAW

problem as COlsDICuOUs feature of British life today An early British Governor, the the result of system of Earl of Caledon, introduced practised racial despotism by law, sanctioned by Whitehall, in British government, November 1809 called

PIO-

terruption exception, since Phases and Labour clamation on 1806. Regulations. No Boer made this It is a colonial chicken come first pass Haw entirely Was home to roost. Britain': it 'made and Hor working-class move. shackled the non-European serfs Brtain, ment it not In to the land and made workers small factor. carry residence and labour For affects workers and permit. in such fields their unions as the railways, buses, textiles, hos- The of the slave

600RLO

Office etc., its applica- pitals, catering, Post traffic in 1807, and such fields of the led to and action 1n tion in 1809 to the Cape, British capitalist economy can an increase in number be very serious for the capitalist 'Prize Negroes' the captured by class. British Navy from non-British and the slave-ships ensert- ment of these captured slaves at

DEMOCRACY

the Cape (among other colonial slave-centres). The nature of British demo- manifested is today being Cape was not Slavery at the where the Northern Ireland, abolished until 1834 by Britain. London government has the power to dissolve the N Ireland captured The slaves were apprenticed for seven years. always puppet government -and is using its stand- regime-. This of system ing army to repress the struggle was extended in 1812 by Cover struggle workers Unclea Cradock Hottentot basically, which for In nis is, not one Children Proclamation, under civil rights within Britain, but for independence British which 'Hottentot' children born from on farms and living there until and for the re-unification rule they eight years old had of Ireland. to be apprenticed to the farmers Such a struggle involves leader- owning the land until they were working ship by the class with 18. the national struggle passing the establishment of to The 1828 Ordinance 50, hailed a workers' and farmers' govern- by liberals as emancipatory, was ment. nothing of the kind -but was a What is going on in N Ireland labour-control law, containing different from the is no system- apprenticeship, indentures atic British tyranny in India, directed freed slaves, against and Rhodesia. Africa who were thereby re-enslaved in In the case of S Africa, this another way. always has taken the tyranny of colour discrimination- form Britain was not yet then a despite falsification of the democracy, but nothing changed British history to the contrary the reformed franchise by liberal historians who, followed laws of England. by the Communist Party, blame the Boers for what their British Instead, things became in- masters planned and executed. creasingly worse.

JUST OUT

NEW PARK PUBLICATIONS

STALINISM

IN

BRITAIN

A TROTSKYIST ANALYSIS

BY ROBERT BLACK

NEW PARK PUBLICATIONS

FRICE 22std 186A Clapham High St AFTER MORE than three years of repressive measures aimed at beheading the working class, Greece's ruling clique of colonels still faces opposition at home and abroad—now replenished by young and undefeated militants. The Workers' Internationalist League is building inside and outside Greece to provide the revolutionary leadership So urgently needed to combat the reformists Stalinists: and the stumbling-blocks main to a defeat of the right-wing junta.

As one WIL member told us in a recent interview: 'We are trying to unite the working class on an all-Greece scale, our task being to overthrow establish a workero, junta and peasants' government. An integral role in this fight is played by production of 'Oratis Allagis' ('Time of Change'), a monthly newspaper; soon to be printed fortnightly. Theirs is a tremendous job: to resolve the crisis of leadership shown so clearly in 1967, when the colonels' succeeded. It coup the youth, with all their inexperience, who bear the greatest responsibility for accom- plishing this task. IS THERE intelligent life on other worlds? Are there civilizations elsewhere in the universe with whom man may be able to communicate? These questions, which have been the subject of philosophical speculation for thousands of years, have become amenable to scientific precise investigation only in the last century.

Until the first optical telescopes were made some 300 years ago, man's unaided eye had taken in the same unchanging view of the universe-a rotating sphere of across which moved the stars seven 'wanderers': sun, moon and the five planets visible to the naked eye. It appeared that the stars were attached to a sphere or were pinholes in that sphere, permit- terrible ting glimpses of some inferno burning beyond it.

Above all, was at the man centre of this universea view supported by the appearance of symmetry of the night-sky.

The development of the optical the telescope, establishment of biological theory, the giant leaps of man's understanding forward of matter, the building of power- ful radio-telescopes—-it has taken 2,000 years, to give Lucretius's 'faith' a scientific foundation and to place mankind and, indeed all life on earth, in perspective.

To answer the central question is to ask: Are there other planetary systems orbiting distant conditions give stars? What rise to life? Under what conditions can intelligent life develop? How would communication take place?

Development We these can now answer questions with varying degrees of accuracy, not because we have telescopes that can little see running around on Saturn, but because of our pre- sent scientific knowledge of life on earth and the development of extremely refined astronomical instruments. However, even using the most powerful optical telescopes avail- able today, no star has ever been than a pinpoint seen as more of light. Yet it was possible for Pro- fessor Kopal to give the distance called of the star in question, Epsilon it is Aurigae: that twenty times larger than our sun and is accompanied by a disc of matter 4,000 million miles across, with a temperature of 230 degrees C. In addition, it was possible to that this disc was determine not wholly composed of gas but contained solid bodies the size of small planets. These observations, partly car- ried out with the aid of an American satellite, have tracked down our first view of a solar formation and adds in system

WORKERS PRESS

YOUTH IN

FOREFRONT OF

STRUGGLE TO

Greece itself, older word that youth sign. many the In jailed Vanguard of militants been elements the have are hamstrung by the repressive youth movement agreed to betray laws and the well-staffed special each other that the police police who carry them would lesser-known out. not arrest The also still members. under the politically There are still between 1,500 pernicious Stalinists- and 1,700 influence of the militants- young and old, arrested on the night the Stalinist-controlled of the though EDA movement is now banned.

held coup- who are without trial. Another 1,500 under are These Stalinists same were sentence. saying, until the day of dictator- Because revolu- of a lack of -April 1967- ship- -that tionary leadership, fighting against coup was impossible. And it was the dictatorship has been spas- the EDA's misleadership of the modic. huge struggles for reform after liberal Georges Papandreou Isolated have formed the groups was made Prime Minister in 1963 but many of them that paved the way for have been arrested. Many middle- the colonels. class oppositionists have been The military's take-over was a picked up by police after une discussions reflection of the international holding openly in crisis of the capitalists, who seek cafes. solution in battering down This is mainly because the workers' rights and conditions state's executive forces have been all countries. strengthened - plain-clothes men The equivocating liberals are all too easily overhear what pushed on one side as the class people are saying in public and struggle takes on more positive in private. forms. Plain-clothes special branch Yet the eve of the even on men and women mix with people Stalinist youth leaders coup, the at dances and football matches- were telling their branches- especially where the youth con- claiming 65,000 members-that Many arrests take place gregate. dictatorship could not come. on the basis of secret information The result was that the most gained through police infiltration militant members were caught by groups. the police and asked to sign In locality the police every declaration refuting now have two headquarters- communist The leadership their own and the special branch ideology. held neutral position signing the office. declaration while secretly giving In industry too, the special

LIFE IN OTHER WORLDS

BY MARTIN ZARROP

'Nature is not unique to the visible world; we must have faith that in other regions of space their exist other earths, inhabited by other other animals. (Lucretius, 'On the Nature of Things'.

peoples and c. 50BC.) however many millions ofa suns and eaths so arse and however long it may before, in pass away, organic life develop and only one planet, the conditions for we have the certainty that with the same iron necessity that earth its highest creation, the thinking it will exterminate on the mind, it must somewhere else and at another time again produce it'.

(Engels, 'Dialectics of Nature', c. 188U.. Zdanek Kopal, 'Professor Professor of Astronomy, Manchester University, said a solar system in the making had been discovered around a giant star 5,000 light-years It was the. , first such away. to be discovered! ('The Guardian'," August 22, 1970.) system the theory that Indeed. estimates have been weight to our own planetary system was formed made of the probable proportion of stars which house an advanced by condensation in the same way.

civilization. Such steps forward are there- One such estimate the fore important in answering our puts present number of such stars in main question.

INTERNATIONAL

branch informers on work the floor. factory The dictatorship had dissolved expropriated all trade funds and jailed union many leaders. It became illegal to be member of any organization. Now there are police-controlled unions, used to further suppress the working class. In many cases elected trade unionists dismissed. And even in some sections of the aristoracy of the working class, where unions were allowed, the junta was seriously threatened by strikes. The junta has organized the 20,000-strong youth into military-style prototype of the

PAPANDREOU

wartime Hitler youth and Greek tascist youth. School pupils are forced to join higher-education places. Alkimos) this (the To apply for a university place and dress up in uniforms for a prospective student has to sign parades and manoeuvres. Before Even certificate of social beliefs. coup, the Alkimos had only if the applicant's parents all 1,600 members. participated in anti-government The far back as other side to this is the action as 1946, he hatred of the oppressed youth banned from college for the junta. education. They played a big part in the Once in the college or univer- nationwide reaction to the regime sity, the student comes under when 500,000 people held the ever-watchful eyes of the officers spontaneous demonstration at the special-branch who funeral of Papandreou on operate there. November 3, 1968. The junta has tried to solve Unemployment extremely the unemployment crisis with a The National Bank of policy of emigration. Movement explosive. Greece held competition for 80-pee-cent higher ends than example 200 posts, and 2,000 took part.

is not exceptional to have the previous year. in 50,000 applicants for 10,000 Many sections of the youth achieved galaxy as around one which alone has al-round million, which places the nearest scientific, systematic, such community at a distance, of development, in contrast to the several hundred light years.

brilliant natural-philosophical in- tuitions of antiquity hurriedly However, we must add such The Greek thinkers the that estimates, which SaW involve 'advanced civilization' world emerging as something rather than 'intelligent life', from chaos, into being coming usually mix science with a good and developing. dose of bourgeois sociology and Certainly with regard to the severe doubts, are open to as field of science under discussion we shall see later. would be impossible to pro- Nevertheless, ceed mark of fruitfully from any other it Is the reached by scientific standpoint. stage theory that such calculations- how matter tentative- 'Intuitive' be made and sporadic searches have been made using radio- Not the Greeks that were in an effort telescopes to pick purely 'intuitive'. Attempts were up possible space messages. made to predict eclipses and to distances. astronomical Lucasuic Again, these efforts have So far proved negative but certainly One of the best-known of the Lucretius or the Greek philo- calculations was of the circum- sophers could never have hoped earth made by ference of the Eratosthenes, head of the great to either predict or experiment on this issue. library at Alexandria, in 284 BC.

At the beginning of 'Dialectics On the longest day every year, Nature', Engels he knew that the sun was directly of refers to research 'modern nature, above a particular well in the

HELO

PAGE THREE

have illusions that 'parliamentary democracy' is a solution to end- ing the repression that leads many of their friends and parents to the police and military torture chambers. The majority of the younger people have not experienced the Papandreous of this world, and the Stalinists and revisionists exploit these illusions. Young people write slogans on walls and make Molotov cock- tails, facing the danger of being shot by state forces. There is a difference, though, between what the youth and the liberals mean by 'democracy'.

Papandreou was elected on the promise of new liberties.

But these never came and the gigantic struggles of 1956 and 1966 took a revolutionary on form. They were misled and be- 'peaceful road to trayed by the socialism' policies of the EDA. It is the lessons of these struggles and the defeat of April 1967 which must be taught and learned in order to direct the revolutionary spirit and ingen- uity of the Greek working class, and particularly the youth, be- hind the political leadership of the Workers' Internationalist unmask League: to completely the Stalinists and reformists and to organize for the overthrow of the Greek torturers. This would be a blow not only capitalism, against Greek but against its imperialist backers also. Libyan desert, at the present site of the Aswan dam. At the same time, the shadow cast by vertical stick at Alexandria showed the angular distance of the sum from highest point to be one-fiftieth of a full circle. Alexandria to be Believing 5,000 stades due North of the well, Eratosthenes calculated the total circumference of the earth as 250,000 stades. This works out as 24,662 miles compared to the actual distance, the poles, of 24,860 through miles! Yet it was in their 'natural- philosophical intuition' that the Greeks excelled and a number of them challenged the concep- tion that the earth was at the centre of the universe and replaced it with the central sun.

civilizatiohe passas the theory of 'spheres within spheres' that dominated astronomy and man's thinking of the universe nearly 1,500 years. This was Ptolemy's epicycle theory-an elaboration of a scheme put forward by Aristotle.

At the centre was earth and the planets moved on small spheres around points which themselves travelled in larger spheres round the earth. With each improvement in observation, adjustments had to made this heavenly machine, as one would tune ar engine. The universe was a rigid machine and intelligent life' meant man made in the image of God. To be continued.

Thursday, August 27, 1970 S Wales clothing Nigerian Cambodia troops for Chad? Agnew's main

NIGERIA'S

General Gowon has offered to send workers strike over the trooDs French colony of Chad to ceo rrench forces suppress concern rebellion on the borders of Libya. declared the spen Presiden desert S KOREA'S anti-communist Park regime is WORKERS at a Rhondda factory are becom- Tombalbaye called in Frenc lay-offs army units mutinied threatening to withdraw its 50,000 troops from ing increasingly militant after 1,400 of them Paratroe foreign Logic S Vietnam. staged a one-day walk-out in protest against Park, fears the

BY ROBERT BLACK

At ol Forese France, w no slightest weakening of US redundancies. Agne v's first cone. support for his repressive territory, On September 11, 124 workers at Polikoff Universal, 10,000 million have alrea poncies. oresented UnIs Ynyswen, S Wales, will become redundant. Management, Brainst Tombalbay's dictator- en ear-marked for this pi threat to US Vice-President Miners' the men say, claims that rising unemployment has led Anew wnen une two Decan to a recession in the clothing industry.

The cash talks in Seoul on Tuesday.

reply next spare parts and military The five unions at the withdrawa month' lactory, which makes sulls sports-wear, Have Chad's 3po merty of the mass Ciderable even and tores of the Ton Nol he ne consulance fight the redundancy threat.

by National sing the is were die- they feel tee ned clash with NKo siano re suade do every 20,000 o e 64,m0 Us claim nsure would be kers 'as generous as pos hol government in Cambodia?

More rail Yorkshire:

NEW BOOST

STOP

the fares up the say me week of next month. Fall-off sh°159 were initially to be laid between

INCKEASES

cedeven British Well has been brought East:

FIRST CONCERN

down to 124? Rescuing of "and til baration "Work faster' take eftec obve both enter-city and loca Farmworkers • London t rise ches o 6316s and the sec wage claim in 18510555 a we the force ins Gateway to the West Rhondda factory where workers face the sack dreth or are literal them.

Ba'athist terror campaign' childreniner they sterday 960d members he son d against guerrillas alleged five honou mininum resisted. Ine claim works out at a 3,000 US IRAQI troops will be used to smash guerriHa farm workers very seriouse honda it which where there is little alternative forces in the Middle supporting. Iraqi vote to strike parties wild cats to tear hask them to pieces. of the left-wing Com- wage claim. management ins threatens munist Party of Irac

OWN NECK

THREE

THOUSAND

anywhere (Revolutionary Group) United Here dabi be died and of the exclusive inter- Farm Workers' Organizing

SUBSCRIBE NOW

ту стоцр). torture Call They gustold, noited who, view with Workers Committee the voted round his redundancies.' Press. Salinas, California, earlier

FORBIDDEN

Mohamad Aboas arrived this week to strike at 27 Short-sighted hunger or Britain very recently vegetable ranches situated feel this islikort reports With nirst-nano in the fertile Salinas valley.

after a tour of guerrilla hundreds of thousands fused to eye on a o bases mn ovula. orcan and her need to co Union the Lebanon. Sh cus world arent concilia- have already attitude to guerrillas sed emer wit or control MDW failure national- Being which the groups are represent to agree at Tory policy ET Rolls Royce forward fate for unton recoe reach us. •Brothermen, *

• FROM PAGE ONE

local authorities news to tell our nition. 1s Being demanded, olutionaries campose the world trade the

ALL TRADES

eather and the TUC hat

UNIONS ALLIANCE

¡ternative to oner in [l crisis.

MEETINGS

attack a year. All talk. Coman tak the emper need o he Stalinists, said, that promptly ye The end of this month was For any two day OR gated.' ' The Enancial Times' Wast -tabled management 1 for three months is better hahe for de bopment cane months ington this executed. be known the with Circulatio lapham High Street, London, d by Moscow

AUSTRALIAN LETTER

I would like to subscribe to Workers Press for workers KINg

BY AIR MAIL

Ivame no her Ser who Midde

PAR AVION

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served sco in many mover nuder that Soviet writer denounces The right hand of Federal Arab SUERPAN Lesli 'mental homes' P*Hawke, howester AN 'OPEN LETTER' by chin Soviet oppositionist Alex- oi in Let , reyes - wide party the centre ol ander Yessenin-Volpin has politics. We shall see

BY A FOREIGN REPORTER

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WEATHER

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