Workers Press no. 811

workers press Modern-day Pinkertons* tailed dockers' pickets

INCORPORATING THE NEWSLETTER • FRIDAY .

DAILY ORGAN OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE

BY PHILIP WADE

TWO PRIVATE detectives interviewed London dockers on a picket line, took their photographs and followed them home, it was revealed yesterday. And one told the National Industrial Relations Court that, disguised as a 'freelance news researcher', he also phoned dockers' wives to find out where their husbands worked and how often they had been on the picket line.

of yesterday's Morning with another picket on the A copy telephone. conversation was taped Star' was also produced as evidence and is available to the court.'

in court and one of the detectives identified pickets from a photograph.

Another picket's wife also 'provided cer- tain information' the phone. She They were on the sec- 'informed of her husband's occupation giving evidence me ond and that her husband had been picketing.

dav of a the Industrial case -under Relations Act which alleged several unfair In another telephone conversation with industrial practices London against

SCYCHI

picket, Murray also asked for cockers and the London cocks loint shor obtained from this docker the name stewards' committee. Midland Cold Stor- age of East London a supposed 'leader' in the London area.

are seeking restraining orders against the dockers.

Asked by Judge Boyfield who he said he was when phoning these people, Murray detective agency, Eurotec, was hired by the firm on June 26 to establish rented. the identitv of nickets outside the denot I confirmed T WaS. a treelance news gate. researcher and wanted to find their feelings about the situation. I told them Mr Garry Murray, a senior partner in I'd been speaking to their husbands who Eurotec, said that on June 26 he followed had given me permission to talk to them.

one of the nicket's vehicles and the regis.

William Another detective, Laslett, tration number helped him obtain the court a number of pickets picket's address. identined. in from photographs taken by his firm.

The next day he was present when followed Mr. Edward 'We also photographs were taken of the picket line and Mr to a pub called Merrick at the Cold Store. These were pro- Gladstone" in SW8. duced in court. When they with came out hey were 'On June 28 I interviewed a picket. I another man and they crove of com spoke with one and he told me his name where, said Laslett. was Tony Merrick and he had been picket- Council the Mr for company, r Alan ing for five or six Murray told OC. Campbell produced a copy the the court. *Morning Star' photograph and troma He then revealed that he had had a and caption in the paper of the picket line, Laslett said he could identify Bernie Steer and

THE

SHOWDOWN

In memorandum over Vic Turner. jobs on Britain's docks Tory the government the Earlier in the hearing took a decisive step A cenciation says it calculated yesterday the court "legitimate refused to hear certain evidence in camera because haulage dock lab- rejected' demands that businesses'. The the dockers and the three in its be who have been work undertaken our scheme must unions

HOL

the ioinedin premises should he done extended into the neidot case solely by registered dock- road transport operation.

not have been able to hear it afterwards. ers No. 811

FRIDAY JULY 7, 1972

MITTEE OF THE SOCIALIST LA

*Pinkerton men worked / last century. This private troubles.

BY PETER JEFFRIES

IN THE midst of the most serious financial crisis in capitalism's his- tory, the leaders of Britain's trade unions are consciously preparing their biggest-ever act of against the betrayal working class. This is the real purpose of the talks - both open and behind closed doors- which the TUC leaders are now conducting both with the Tory government and the employers. The capitalist press, which can smell the stench of betrayal in the air, clearly is hopeful that Heath's proposal for a joint Cabinet-TUC com- mittee to discuss the infla- 4p

LIST LABOUR LEAGUE

worked for the US detective ager private police force was used par The two private who detectives gave evidence in the NIRC yester- day. Left William Laslett and right (with briefcase) Garry Murray. tionary crisis will meet with a favourable response when it comes before the TUC Economics Committee at next Wednesday's meeting.

As Wednesday's 'Finan- cial Times' noted: •While they (the TUC) have no intention of agreeing volun- tarily to restrain wage increases they are unlikely to refuse to hold talks with the government which might help to take the heat out of the situa- tion. class, The capitalist however, is acutely con- scious of its great weak- ness. Even if the revision- ists cannot see that con- ditions of dual power are rapidly emerging in Britain, the financial commentators can. ive agency begun in the ised particularly in labour Writing in Wednesday's Standard' City *Evening Editor David Malbert com- mented: "Those who observe us from overseas are now saying: Britain has two governments, the formal one and the other, unelected group, that wields the real power.' As if to underline the point, 'The Guardian' also stated, commenting on the slight recovery made by sterling on Wednesday: *There was also some evidence that the market regarded the outcome of the talks between the Prime Minister. and the TUC leaders at Downing Street on Tuesday as 'not discouraging'. The same Turn to p.12

workers press Modern-day Pinkertons* tailed dockers' pickets INCORPORATING THE NEWSLETTER • FRIDAY JULY 7, 1972 • No. 811 • 4p

SPIES

COURT

BY PHILIP WADE

TWO PRIVATE detectives interviewed London dockers on a picket line, took their photographs and followed them home, it was revealed yesterday. And one told the National Industrial Relations Court that, disguised as a 'freelance news researcher', he also phoned dockers' wives to find out where their husbands worked and how often they had been on the picket line.

A copy of yesterday's 'Morning with another picket on the corepeone on This was taped Star' was also produced as evidence Leconone. conversation and is available to the court.'

in court and one of the detectives identified pickets from a photograph.

A informations wite also roned se information' phone. They 'informed were giving evidence on the sec- her husband's occupation Lalc dav of a the Industrial Unle case under ana Wat ner nusband nad been pickeung • Relations Act which alleged several unfair In another telephone conversation with practices against seven obtained tru Murray also asked and dockers and the London docks joint shop TOr this docker the name Stewaros a supposed 'leader' in the London area.

age of East London are seeking restraining orders against the dockers.

Asked by Judge Boyfield who h said, he was when phoning these people, Murray The detective agency, Eurotec, was replied: hired by establish the nrm on une zo to 'I confirmed I was a freelance news une idenuty or pickels outside the aepot gate. researcher wanted to find feelings about the 1 told them silualion. Motec said Mat on Ju senior he onlowed 1d been speaking to tneir nusbands wno Eurotec, said that June 26 followed had given me permission to talk to them.

one of the picket's vehicles and the regis- detective, William Laslett, Another helped him Traton number obtain the identified number of pickets picket's address. in Irom pnotograpns laken by nis nrm.

The next day he was when Mr errick ed Mr Edward Hedges photographs were taken f the picket line and Merrick to a pub called "The the Cold These Store Gladstone" in SW8. were oIU- duced in court. When they came they with vul WElC 'On June 28 1 interviewed a picket. l and drove off some- spoke with one and he told me his name where, said Laslett. was Tony Merrick and he had been picket- Council for the company, Mr Alan ing for hve or six told

WEEKS.

Campbell ọC, produced of the copy the court. 'Morning Star' photograph anu He then revealed that he had had a and caption The paper of the picket line, Laslett said he could identify Bernie Steer and

THE

SHOWDOWN

over In memorandum Vic Turner. docks lorv

HOUS

lie hovenmen took a decisive step nearer Association says wholly arier 1n toe nearing when Road Haulage opposes action calculated yesterday the court refused to impede the *legitimate hear certain Association announced yes conduct of Terday eviacnce in canicid because rejected' demands that businesses'. The dock lab- the dockers ana the three work undertaken scheme must unions who have been extended into the field of joined would should be done in the case premises road transport operation.

not have been able to hea solely by Testered eka ers. it afterwards.

FRIDAY JULY 7, 1972

No. 811

MITTEE OF THE SOCIALIST LA

*Pinkerton men worked last century. This private troubles.

BY PETER JEFFRIES

IN THE midst of the most financial serious crisis in capitalism's his- tory, the leaders of Britain's trade unions are consciously preparing their biggest-ever act of betrayal against the working class. This is the real purpose of the talks - both open and behind closed doors- which the TUC leaders are now conducting both with the Tory government and the employers. The capitalist press, which can smell the stench the air, of betrayal in clearly is hopeful that Heath's proposal for a joint Cabinet-TUC com- mittee to discuss the infla- 811 • 4p

LIST LABOUR LEAGUE

worked for the US detective private police force was used The two private detectives who gave evidence In the NIRC yester- day. Left William Laslett and right (with briefcase) Garry Murray. tionary crisis will meet with a favourable response when it „comes before the TUC Economics Committee at next Wednesday's meeting.

As Wednesday's 'Finan- cial Times' noted: While they (the TUC) have no intention of agreeing volun- tarily to restrain wage increases ... they are unlikely to refuse to hold talks with the government which might help to take the heat out of the situa- tion. capitalist class, The however, is acutely con- scious of its great weak- ness. Even if the revision- ists cannot see that con- ditions of dual power are rapidly emerging in Britain, the financial commentators can. ive agency begun in the sed particularly in labour Writing in Wednesday's 'Evening Standard' City Editor David Malbert com- mented: 'Those who observe us from overseas are now saying: Britain has two governments, the formal one and the other, unelected group, that wields the real power.' As if to underline the point, 'The Guardian' also stated, commenting on the slight recovery made by sterling on Wednesday: 'There was also some evidence that the market regarded the outcome of the talks between the Prime Minister and the TÚC leaders at Downing Street on Tuesday as 'not discouraging'. The same Turn to p.12

Schiller goes-Moves against the dollar PAGE 2 Workers Press, Friday July 7, 1 CLASHES between police, troops and and groups of workers students continued in the Peru- vian town of Lima yesterday.

Since trouble began last week, three students have been shot dead by police. In the south-west Peruvian town of Puno the chief of the civil guard has been dis- missed in an effort to placate rioters after a series of violent clashes. GENERAL J. C. Monie yester- day made a nationwide radio appeal to Argentina's 'silent majority' to help his regime deal with urban guerrillas. This came two weeks after nearly of sporadic fighting between troops and groups of workers and students. AUSTRALIAN oil companies will make a new offer to striking refinery workers today after a week-long stoppage in which oil and petrol supplies to four states have virtually ground to a halt.

BY A FOREIGN CORRESPONDENT

WHILE NIXON continues hi tively bomb and cajole the I coming to terms with South mounting that the Saigon re pressure from 'doves' and 'haw The survival of the Thieu regime hangs increasingly on its ability to win victories against the North Vietnamese on the battlefield. The large Catholic popula- tion, many of whom fled from north 25 years ago, has lined up with the Buddhists in a hard-line coalition aimed at keeping a political bayonet in Thieu's back. While the hawks begin to organize, Thieu i has even the French government accused of promoting a 'third force' in Saigon acceptable to Hanoi.

Both France and the USSR been in- have at various times strumental in opening doors in Indo-China for diplomatic ex- changes to take place. Thieu's announcement that the French 'encouraging were a group of South Vietnamese poli- ticians who might be willing to compromise with Hanoi follows a period of widespread unrest among opposition MPs at the President's strong-arm tactics in rushing emergency powers an decree through the Senate.

they Some senators claimed had been openly terrorized by Thieu's security agents from attending the vote on the new measures. The new powers emergency will make it even riskier for opposition elements to speak out and look like assuaging the Catholic-Buddhist alliance, at any rate for the time being.

But opposition is clearly grow- ing and even army generals who favour ceasefire and talks a with the north have put about calling for Thieu's petitions resignation. The Quang Tri offensive, car- toeden North Vietnamese resist- ried out in the face of certainly will almost ance, achieve the aim hoped for by restoring and Nixon of Thieu Saigon's credibility and increas- ing its bargaining power in Paris next week. Yesterday South Vietnamese troops were in control of all but the heavily fortified citadel at the heart of Quang Tri city occupied two months ago by Hanoi troops. Hanoi . continued its artillery and rocket bombardment of Hué yesterday in the heaviest blitz on the city since the Tet offen- sive. Observers say the pressure 1 July 7, 1972 Messmer, Above: specially picked by Pompidou (below right) nues his campaign to alterna- e the North Vietnamese into South Vietnam, evidence is gon regime is under political nd 'hawks'. on Hué is to discourage any new Saigon offensives. While plans for a Korean detente went ahead yesterday in line with Nixon's strategy of withdrawing troops from Viet- nam but maintaining America's south-east Asian ring of steel, the President announced that the US has no plan to reduce its 43,000 force in South Korea.

President Thieu schller goe A FURTHER severe tighten- ing of West German exchange regulations now seems certain to follow the resignation of Economics Minister Karl Schiller. An announcement giving eflect to the resignation Is anticipated in Bonn today.

CUBA'S Fidel Castrol has flown out of Moscow after ten days of meetings, banquets and visits in which Soviet leaders treated him as an honoured guest.

His stay climaxed a six-week tour of East European countries in which he gave the full sup- CHINA is expected to buy ten Boeing 707 jets in a £60m deal to be concluded next month.

Chinese pilots may be trained in Messmer to lead tough team

AROUND THE WORLD

Pompidou preparing for major class

BY TOM KEMP

battles PRESIDENT Pompidou is tooling up the forces of repression and forming a new, tough team for the big class battles due - in France this autumn. This is the meaning of the sacking of Jacques Chaban-Delmas and the selec- tion of hard-line Gaullist Pierre Messmer for Prime Minister. The deepening economic crisis sets the stage for an upsurge of the working the class on scale of the General Strike of May-June 1968.

When workers from their return summer holidays, they will find every item in their budget affected by soaring prices.

their standard of living will have A real cut taken place behind their back Thist The class feeling against the and the employers state, only held in the Communist and trade union bureaucracy with phoney slogans like 1,000 franc minimum month, will per ware explode into a 'hot autumn'.

Pompidou, from the mistakes made by de Gaulle in May 1968, when he was Prime Min- ister, wants backo at nhe nal tine prepared for action the smash working class- -something de vaule a nor acmeved m ten vears rue.

He wants a Frime Minister whom re can trust completely to carry through such a policy. Messmer is ideally suited task. A long-standing Gaullist canne unrouen une arnly. was selectee the General to build up France's independent nuclear striking forces. Since has of the methods he used working class from find- rose no opportunity to he post of Minis- ing held the expressions. Instead any avull

UODULLULLILY

working ter o colonies. OUT aIs Income lea with d stream Toe real power derives from large fortune. can of illusions, notably that class. the heads be made the scape- can In reality, it expresses dedicated goat for other through elec- the determination movement scalluals. Gaullst on behalf of preserving anecung Gallist DOl. LonS. called •Presence ticians in the past year. The 'left' parties thus the ruling class, to settle It Pompidou has timed co-operate, with Pompi- accounts with the work- the have the holding back 1ng Class LILL ALl The stop-at-nothing politi- situa- new covernment in posi workIng class cancerous cians matary clo polies close tion before the next instead warning tion opening with phase of the great dangers France makes it impera- currency against the tive and vnich it faces from man with his should demand wnen workers are begın- Don dart seate cass record give the ning to disperse 'L'Humanité the CP that its leaders of repression the holidays. Many factories daily, few forces past organizations mobilize days will. in fact. be has of strength lal uly CyCry Ounce confidence which they crisis for decisive battle or partly closed during Tioned the need into battle. the next two months. of capitalism. There against the Instead of call for What the he preparing no preparation time, required Is sailic the for the the working autumn Class preparanon the tremendous gles. back the government's tace axpositions of the strong dangers which new which pro- Communist fill its state is back and under ahead the show how soclalist Party, on the assisted reasonable and cenanes based Socialist ditching Party and the ate it is. formation of Social Chaban-Delma: trade unions, is striving Marchais and Mitter- Democratic - Communist and, Party surprise, only the timing to disarm it. now united in an The The former Prime the Only new eleclolai DaLL. are take power. and reformiste Minister's once popular, mental agreement one declaring that this the healthy, sportsmanlike between the parties the change Stalinists was intended ment the much ore the lall- anu a new ished by the revelations strength leadership built. Loe Ine Now a new decree has been Schiller, * Washington chief strictions threaten the free move- on the issued throughou tral Joans abroad Swiss realignment Europe raised talks and could lead panies individuals must measures whiche opposes rapidly 1aS1 bitter v savane trade war. Swiss national the the measures the Brandt But By the Swiss Already, hand been by coalition already forced has seen on the halt the flood of un- Geneva announced .LO LakC LO 1 ucoudy. In future all banks wil be Frank- an per wanted into tne cenT obliged to deposit minimum re- furt money market. surcharge on all dollar purchases serves related to their increases that such by Swiss firms. Schiller feels re- in foreign currency holdings. The reserves Cola 90 Castro ends six-week eastern tour per cent of these increases. With France already operating tight controls on dollar imports, detailed port of his personality and control of the Cuban the Swiss and German moves are ›opularity to the bureaucracy.

economy as part of the once certain Castro's antics during this socculation before European aralest ine weaker notably the Italian Calicio. lira. unese countdes increasingly dependent upon East that But all European bankers and European Soviet bureau- revolutionary role governments Hust awallne in Latin America. with some apprenension the pub- lication of the American half- Peking orders ten Boeing planes balance Payliculls Even slight worsening of Foreign Minister Maurice Schu- the external would certainly fatal wrench are mann Is at present in Peking and prove include Concorde blow at Europe's already totter- in his talks with Chou En-lai.

Is culicacy systell.

Look Madam, don't blame us for the reduced value of the pound in your pocket-you should have used your Swindon trade unionists vote for Council of Action SHOP STEWARDS' leaders at

CAV

London, have Acton, rejected the management's latest offer of a £2.70 general rise. Pat Power, the Acton site's senior Transport and General Workers' Union shop steward, has resigned as secretary of the shop stewards' executive and a secretary elected. It is new understood he felt there was a interests between the clash of executive and his own members.

This is because departmental claims have now been dropped in favour of a site claim: Stewards representing store engineers keepers and works have not yet agreed to this majority decision until they con- sult their members about their individual claims. Clearly, some stewards feel, both groups are in a strong posi- tion, and have decided on indus- action. trial But some also think the could use this management action to justify holding up the site pay claim, and devide the workforce over pay. One way of overcoming this, they feel, is that the stewards' committee refuse to accept any wage freeze in the pay deal—a 'normal' clause in CAV deals- allowing groups a free hand to fight for other claims after the general increase has been settled.

LABORATORY

assistants at Acton are in the 10th day of their sit-in against management's withdrawal a pay deal for of their section.

UNIONISTS,

TRADE

shop stewards, tenants and members of all poli- tical parties in the labour movement will meet in Swindon soon to set up a Council of Action in the town. A decision to go ahead with setting up the council was taken at a meeting of engi- neers and railway workers on Wednesday night. Called by the local Confeder- ation Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions, the meeting had a dual purpose. First three Labour councillors reported back to trade unionists on a deputation they had led to see Tory ministers in London over the rundown of the rail- way works. They brought no message of jobs, having been given the cold shoulder at Whitehall. picture we It's a very poor have to paint you. I can't report any success at all, said Ald Alf leader of the Labour Brown, council. 'There is no money in the pipeline nor any new factory projected. As far as we But other speakers from the floor pointed out that the situ- ation could not be looked at in a narrow way, just in reference to Swindon. "The situation is far • worse than the way it has been seen, said Frank Willis, steward at the railway works. 'What dominates politics in every country today is the instability of the currency system. 'If you don't understand this, you end up chasing your tail.

We are heading today for an insoluble, world economic slump.

'With devaluation we're faced with a downward spiral of world trade. It's not just a question of what the local council can do.

Unemployment is now a life- and-death issue. 'A great change has to take think place the we 1n way about it. I don't believe you can solve one part of our problems without getting rid of this Tory government,' he class is looking Look Madam, don't blame us initiative and invested in empt

BRITISH RAIL EN

LOCOMOTIVE CARRIAGE

Swindon's threatened raitway workshops for a lead. We have to mobilize every worker to make the Tories resign and put back a Labour government pledged to socialist policies.' Howell, AUEW district Ray said he saw whole secretary in the town staggering factories to a halt and was expecting bad news from Plessey's any day.

'Now dismantlers are moving in, buying factories up and selling them for their land values. But with the currency crisis the whole system the point of credit was on collapse. "This is the weakest govern- ment we've ever had, and they know it. Yet we have the strong- class, working but they est don't know their yet own We need unity in a strength. campaign to get rid of the Tory government.' Ron Perritt, president of the district committee then moved the following motion: AUEW district com- The mittee calls upon this meeting to institute itself as a Council of Action and to campaign in con- with other similar junction nationally a campaign bodies locally for: 1. Complete opposition to all lay-offs and closures. of 2. To force the resignation the Tory government and for its replacement by a Labour govern- ment pledged to socialist policies of nationalization under workers' and without compen- control sation. For the repeal of the Industrial Relations Act and for the legislation of a basic Charter of Rights. 3. There should be no bans or working-class proscriptions, all ame us for the reduced value of the in empty office buildings!

RAIL ENGINEERINO LTD

WORKS

• CARRIAGE AND

WAGON

SWINDON

organizations being invited to tenants' take part, including associations, and un- employed workers etc. John Gingell, AUEW railway works' steward, said what an- noyed him was people offering moral sympathy for the unem- ployed. "They don't recognize the crisis facing society today. It is a situation . where the working class and the Tory government in a dual fighting power are situation. It is an extremely dangerous de 28 Charlotte St

BOOKS • PERIO

Workers Pro of the pound in your pocket-you situation, one where one side has to be victorious at the expense of the other. Anyone who doesn't point these things is out treacherous and leading the working class to defeat. 'We have to decide if we're going to mobilize the working class in a call to action. What they need is leadership. 'The reformists in the TUC refuse to take up a political fight against the Tories. They don't want to fight for political power,' he said. An amendment calling for campaign for the right to work those interested all among the well being of the community' was defeated. And the meeting went on to pass the Council of Action resolution by 20 votes to BRADFORD Thornbury

THE

branch of the AUEW has passed resolution supporting the building of a Council of Action.

The resolution also called for a fight to force the Tory govern- ment to resign and the election of a Labour government pledged to socialist policies. Bradford No. 4 AUEW and Bradford • UCATT (building workers) have passed a resolu- tion on Councils of Action.

• • PERIODICALS • NEWSPAPERS

okers Press, Friday July 7, 1872 PAGE 3 et—you should have used your WORKERS at Goodman's loud Hants., speaker plant, Havant, staged two token stoppages this week in defence of the principle of a £3 across the board cos= of-living increase. The 200 Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers mem- bers at the factory staged walk- outs on Monday and Wednesday.

Management has offered increases of £3 to skilled work- ers, £2.75 for semi-skilled, £2.50 labourers and f2 for women.

Richard Logan, AUEW con- venor, has pointed out that their principle is a f3 increase for all workers. The cost-of-living is escalating equally for all mem- bers, he said. The workers successfully pick- eted the factory gates on Wed- stopping lorries from nesday going into the plant. SHOP STEWARDS at CAV Simms, Finchley, London have rejected management offers of £3.75 week extra for skilled a £2.55 for semi-skilled and men, £2.25 for unskilled.

NOW OPEN

Mon, Tues, Wed, Thurs 9 a.т.-6 p.m. Fri 9 a.m.-7.30 p.m. Sat 9 a.m.-5 p.m.

PAGE 4 Workers Press, Friday July 7, 11 Dear Editor, At the end of his excellent four-part series on 'Marx and Classical Political Economy' (Workers Press, May 29 to June 1) Peter jeffries calls for a return to studying 'Capital' alongside • Hegel's dialectical method in order to preserve the real content of Marx's work. In this connection your readers may be interested to study that part of Hegel's Right' which •Philosopny of deals with 'Civil Society' and in particular the section of "The System of Needs'. (G. W.

F. Hegel 'Philosophy of Right', translated by T. M. Knox, Oxford University Press, 1967; •paragraphs 182-208, pages 122- 134.) the heading It is under that Hegel dis- 'Civil Society' cusses the social relations of capitalist society, ie. the first appearance of universal social relations. the first He describes moment' of civil society as 'The mediation of need and one man's satisfaction through his work and the satisfaction others— of the needs of all the System of Needs.' Individual, subjective need, he says, 'attains its objectivity, i.e. its satisfaction, by means of (a) external things, which at this stage are likewise the property and the product of the needs and wills of others, and (b) work and effort, the middle term between the sub- jective and the objective. The aim here is the satisfaction of subjective particularity, but the universal asserts itself in the bearing which this satis- faction has on the needs of others and their free arbitrary wills. The show of rationality thus produced in the sphere of finitude is the Understanding [Hegel's term for formal, un- dialectical thinking], and this is the aspect which is of most importance in considering this sphere and which itself con- stitutes the reconciling element within it' goes on to give Hegel a brilliant anticipation of Marx's discovery of abstract human labour and the universal inter- dependence of social produc- tion under capitalism: 'An animal's needs and its ways and means of satisfying them are both alike restricted in scope. Though man is sub- ject to this restriction too, yet at the same time he evinces his transcedence of it and his universality, first by the multi- plication of needs and means satisfying them, and of secondly by the differentiation and division of concrete need into single parts and aspects which in turn become different particularized and so needs, more abstract ... 'Needs and means, as things existent realiter, become some- has being for thing which others by whose needs and work satisfaction for all alike is conditioned. When needs and means become abstract in quality, abstraction is also a character of the reciprocal re- lation of individuals to one another ... The means of acquiring and preparing the particular- ized means appropriate to our similarly particularized needs is work. Through work the raw material directly supplied by nature is specifically adapted to these numerous ends by all sorts of different processes.

July 7, 1972 formative change Now this confers value on means and gives them their utility, and hence man in what he con- is mainly concerned sumes with the products of men. It is the products of human effort which man consumes • :• "The universal and objective element in work, on the other hand, lies in the abstracting process which effects the sub- division of the needs and and thereby eo ipso means production subdivides and brings about the division of labour. By this division the work of the individual be- comes less complex, and con- sequently his skill at his sec- tion of the job increases, like his output. At the same time, this abstraction of one man's skill and means of production from another's completes and necessary everywhere makes the dependence of men on one another and their recipro- cal relation in the satisfaction of their other needs.' It is clear that Hegel is here on the verge of identifying universal commodity produc- tion, despite the fact that he hardly travelled at all outside industrial Germany, where capitalism had barely started, and even commodity exchange was very restricted. Earlier, supporting the development of freedom of property, he writes (paragraph 63, page 51): "This, thing's univer- the sality [i.e. 'thing' as an object of exchange contract] on simple determinate whose character arises from the par- ticularity of the thing, so that it is eo ipso abstracted from the thing's specific quality its the thing's value, wherein genuine substantiality becomes determinate and an object of consciousness. As full owner of the thing, I am eo ipso owner of its value as well as its use. 'The distinctive character of the property of a feudal tenant is that he is the owner of the use only, He also counterposes pur- chase and sale for money to simple, barter (paragraph 80, page 62). 'Exchange of a specific thing for one characterized as uni- versal, one which counts as value alone and . which lacks other specific character, the utility—i.e. for money.' Money, he later remarks, is 'this extreme character of universality'; 'the really exis- universal value of and tent things both and services: ... money is not one particu- of wealth lar type among others, but the universal form of all types so far as they are expressed in an external em- bodiment and so can be taken "things"! (Paragraph 299, as pages 194-195.) Thus not only is it true that the method of 'Capital' is to be found in a general sense in Hegel, but the germs are the concrete analysis there of in Volume I of 'Capital', of the commodity, value and money. These first glimpses provide a standing reproach to empi- ricists as Dobb and such Mandel who, even with the benefit of Marx's mature work century and a half of and a capitalist development to draw still insist on giving upon, empirical 'proofs' and "justi- in fications' of Marx's theory of 'value' as a purely economic category. Even more interesting, how- ever, is that Hegel traces the effects of division and abstrac- tion of labour upon conscious- and the necessary ness, appearances this produces in the realm of economic cate- Under the heading gories. 'The Kind of Work (typical of Civil Society) he describes how: - Top: Karl Marx. Above: Friedrich Hegel 'The multiplicity of objects situations which. excite theoretical education develops.

education This consists possessing not simply a multi- plicity of ideas and facts, but also a flexibility and rapidity of mind, ability to pass from one idea to another, to grasp complex and general relations, and so on. It is the education the understanding [my emphasis] in every way, and so also the building up of language.' (para. 197, page 129) By 'understanding' Hegel means abstract and formal thought, as opposed to dialec- tical reason. A little earlier he clearly indicates the limits of the understanding within the field of political economy, thereby anticipating Marx's critique of Ricardo and (by implication) opposing himself to Dobb and Mandel's empi- rical, quantitative approach: •Political is the economy science which starts from this view of needs and labour but then has the task of explaining mass-relationships and mass- movements in their complexity and their qualitative quantitative character. This is one of the sciences which has arisen out of the conditions of the modern world. Its development affords the 'in- teresting spectacle (as in Smith, Say and Ricardo) of thought working upon the endless mass of details which confront at the outset and extracting simple therefrom the prin- ciples of the thing, the Under- standing eftective in the thing and directing it. It is to find reconciliation here to discover in the sphere of needs this show of rationality lying in the thing and effective there; but if we look at it from the opposite point of view, this is the field in which the Under- standing with its subjective aims and moral fancies vents its discontent and moral frustration' (para. 189, page 126.) The reference to 'moral frustration' is particularly apposite. In 1821 Hegel had already answered those 'New Left' economists who seek the essence of Marx's work in a theory of exploitation, in empirical 'realism' and so on.

These extracts single out only one line of thought from more complex dis- a much cussion, in which Hegel tries to analyse as a whole both of production and relations the legal and political relation- ships out of them. arising Since, unlike Marx, he does not consistently start from the standpoint of materialism, he does not commence with the production relations, and con- sequently much of his argu- ment is concerned with sup- economic, porting bourgeois legal and political forms as against those of feudalism.

all he views Nonetheless things in terms of the unity opposites conflict of and within them - particular with universal, specific with abstract, individual will with social necessity splitting-up with dependence. The fact that, believing as an idealist that "all that is real is rational', he often speaks of these conflicts being 'recon- obscure the ciled', cannot objective dialectics which he brings to bear. It is the adop- tion of method which this brings him the central to notions which the revisionists are attempting to amputate out of Marx's work, and which underline for us now the fact that without dialectical mater- ialism 'Capital' is reduced to a shell. Without exaggeration it is possible to say that Hegel was on the verge of grasping that the 'inner logic' of capitalism is-socialism. Yours sincerely, A London reader.

With the full support of the Soviet Union the Chilean Communist Party is insisting on a moderate policy for Pre- sident Salvador Allende's Popular Unity coalition government. It is the leading exponent of the policy of a dialogue with the Christian Democrat oppo- sition, backing Allende's moves 'understanding' towards an over the question of national- ization and economic policy.

The recent visit to Moscow of a Chilean government dele- gation led by Carlos Altami-.

general secretary of the rano, Party and José Socialist Cadematori, a member of the political commission of the CP Central Committee, showed Kremlin endorsement for Allende's rightward turn.

The CP fears Allende will not survive unless big conces- sions are made to the middle class and Christian Demo- crats. It notes that the coali- tion has tended to lose sup- port as the Allende regime fails to grapple with the infla- tion and economic crisis grip- ping the country. In the absence of a deter- mined revolutionary policy by the government, and seeing no alternative, many workers are turning to the Christian Democrats. At the s:me time big sections of the bourgeoisie and middle class are looking to the extreme right. Instead of drawing the les- sons from these developments that they arise from the bankruptcy of Allende's reformist coursethe Stalin- ists call for an alliance with all those who are interested in the progress of the country'.

This opportunist, counter- revolutionary policy opens the way for the return of reac- tion and a savage repression against the working class such as followed the Banzer coup in Bolivia last year. After 15 days of talks between the government and the opposition on nationaliza- had broken down on tion June 30, the President called for further discussions avert a crisis. It seems likely that a behind-the-scenes deal will be made so that part of the Popular Unity proposals can go through, but excluding a number of banks and the paper industry. The left-wing MIR (Left Revolutionary Movement) is calling for the dissolution of parliament and the establish- ment of a representative body highly reminiscent of the ill- fated Popular Assembly set up during the last stages of the Torres regime in Bolivia.

This is a sop to parliamen- tarism which evades the main question of power. It is still tied to the Popular Front con- cepts upon which the Allende coalition is built and it is unlikely to win the support of large masses of workers and peasants. The only way forward in Chile which can prevent a repetition of the tragic defeat in Bolivia is for the establish- ment of elements of dual power which already exist in embryonic form. This means a complete break with the bour- geoisie and with the tactics of popular frontism and reform- ism. The Chilean Communist Party has called for a dialogue be- tween the Popular Unity coalition and the main opposi- tion party, the Christian Democrats. The need for a broadening of the basis of the govern- ment was the main theme of a Central Committee plenum which was wound up by Mario Zamorano, National Organiza- tion Director of the party on June 28. He said that there was a wide consensus in favour of changes. 'The organized action of the masses,' he proclaimed, 'does not rule out the parti- cipation of workers, peasants, urban and poor, women students who are Christian Democrats or Independents, but who favour change.' He urged the coalition to win over medium and small farmers. He called for rational, collective and anti-bureau- cratic' participation by workers in the economy. The Communist Party is pushing President Salvador Allende's regime further along the road of compromise with its eyes on the 1973 elections.

He also called on the party to make maximum efforts in the forthcoming elections in the State Technical University and the Students' Federation, as in parliamentary as well by-elections. Workers Pres The mass of the peas- antry in the under- developed countries face a future of continued im- poverishment and dis- possession according to the leading French agro- nomist, Réné Dumont, in a newly-published book.* The book is a searing in- dictment of present agrarian on experience policies based in many countries and particu- larly on investigation carried out in Ceylon, Tunisia and Senegal. In the countries wrongly as 'developing', a described great section of the peasantry is losing its land or, being subsistence forced onto a economy to the advantage of and capitalists in landlords league with imperialism.

PAUPERIZED

The so called 'green revolu- tion' based on improved seeds, of fertilizers, pesticides use and modern and tools much favoured by machines the Americans enriches land- lords and capitalists while making millions of peasants still worse off than before. They are forced to join the pauperized masses crowded into urban slums and shanty- towns living completely with- out hope. Dumont recalls that when he was in Iran at the time of the sumptuous ceremonies put on by the Shah he met peasants who had been ex- propriated and forced to leave the lands which their families had cultivated for centuries so that a big land company could irrigate them and turn them over to large-scale agri- culture. While clearly seeing the desperate plight imposed on masses of peasants-still the majority of the world's popula- tion-by capitalism, Dumont's approach remains completely Utopian. - He sees rightly that what is required is world economic planning. This would, tor ex- ample, leave certain forms of cultivation less- to the developed countries while in areas like Europe the emphasis would be on livestock, fruits and vegetables and the secondary cereals. There would be planned use of limited resources and priority satisfaction of basic human needs to ensure a decent life for every inhabitant of the planet. As the trade war hots up, dumping is triggering strident protests from recipient states and rival suppliers. The chairman of New Zealand's Dairy Board Mr Francis Onion said that the country's dairy industry could not survive for long if her export markets were subject to dumping by wealthy subsi- dized foreign dairy industries.

rkers Press, Friday July 7, 1972 PAGE 5 He speaks of the need for the control of population growth, the rationing of rare minerals and even the control of the climate as being neces- sary if mankind is to survive.

He says that for this a supra- national authority, a world government is necessary. He claims that the world is not facing famine but that part of the world's population is already there. What he does not admit is that the programme he wants requires nothing less than the overthrow of capitalism as a world system. Planning of the kind he envisages will not be carried out by the present ruling classes, nor could it be on the basis of capitalist property relations. So his indictment, based irrefutable technical upon data, fizzles out into a sug- gestion for irrelevant reforms..

What he ends up with is a programme for improved edu- cation of the rural population increased supply and an agronomists and agricultural economists capable of aiding nd the peasantry to improve its methods. In fact this kind of policy has exactly the same result as the 'green revolution' - it speeds up the advance of capitalist relations in the countryside and favours the richer peasants at the expense of the rural poor-unless it is preceded by a thorough trans- formation of agrarian rela- tions. The lessons of the Russian Revolution must be taken as the point of de- parture.

REVOLUTIONARIES

The task of solving the agrarian question in the back- ward countries and the realiza- tion of a world economic plan is one for revolutionar, leader- ship. This requires the build- ing of working-class parties which can win the support of the peasant masses and take power from the national bour- geoisie in the underdeveloped countries. Only then, under the leader- ship of the working class, will it be possible to expropriate the landowners, the usurors and the big capitalist farmers and carry through a thorough- going agrarian revolution.

With all respects to Profes- sor Dumont, what the back- ward countries require is not a supply of agronomists but Marxist revolutionaries. = 'Paysanneries aux abois. To be published in France by Editions du Sueil. Mr Onion said that despite the Luxembourg agreement in countries which the EEC undertook not to frustrate New Zealand's efforts to di- versify her industry and trade, milk and butter stocks had risen steeply under the influ- ence of higher levels of prite support. He went on: "The EEC has recently shown a disposition again to seek a solution to their domestic surplus prob- lems by exporting them to our markets. 'European • export subsidies on bulk butter and milkfat have been increased since January last to about £300 per ton of bulk butter-and £400 a ton for milkfat, with the clear implication that these subsidies are intended to enable European exporters to re-enter markets from which they withdrew last year?

PAGE 6 Workers Press, Friday July 7, 1972 On at least two occasions in the period 1917 to 1920 the Russian Revolution inspired British workers to form workers' committees as organs to defend their conditions and overthrow the capitalist order. This series by Alan Clinton and George Myers (reprinted from 'Fourth International', November 1967) examines the building of these committees, the 1917 'Councils Soldiers' Delegates' and the 'Councils of of Workmen's and Action' in 1920. famous telegram from Hender- local Labour son to every Party: 'Extremely menacing possibility extension Polish Strongly Russian war. urge local parties citizen organize demonstrations against " inter. vention and supply men and munitions to Poland. Demand peace negotiations immediate raising blockade send resolu resumption trade relations. tions Premier and Press. De- putize local MPs.'" On Satur- day and Sunday, August 7 and It was in the spring of 1920, 8 there were demonstrations when the war against Poland in every part of the country. began, that the issue became The 'Daily Herald' on August further inflamed. It was clear 9 and 10 mentions about 70 to everyone that 'the Marion- by local Labour meetings run ettes are in Warsaw but the Parties and Communist Party strings are pulled from Lon- branches, as well as don and Paris'. 50 At first from resolutions union 'Labour's protest in parliament and lacked fire'." But, branches executives. On on May 10 9 there August was Tu Special 'two of years tremendously of the and conference hard and unremitting work on Labour Party which called for the part of a devoted band of 'the whole industrial power of comrades in London', mainly the organized workers' to be members of the

WSF,

bore used against the war, and set fruit when dockers refused to up a national Council of Action load a cargo marked

'HMS

which included Clynes from Munitions for Poland' on to the right. Purcell from the left the Jolly George at the East India Dock 5 This action trans- and many others. On August 10 the Council saw the Prime formed the situation. Minister, who made no verbal In the weeks that followed concessions, but was later to BSP turned its campaign the give no help to the Poles. A against intervention towards call was issued on the same the

TUC

the and Labour Councils of day for local Party. Opposition to the Action On Polish to be set up. intervention was de- Friday 13 at a national meet- scribed as 'Labour's Acid Test' ing of the Council of Action and the party helped to

COI-

delegates there were 1,044 ganize national appeal to from 689 trade unions and 355

TUC

the and the Labour Party for strikes against the labour parties and trades Men councils. who had done intervention, signed by, oppose the war in nothing to amongst others, Robert Smil- 1914 now felt that they could lie, President of the Miners' themselves by Federation of Great Britain, making statements as extreme and Alex Gossip, General Sec- as possible, and doing as little retary of the Furniture Trades as they could. Jimmy Thomas, Association.* At the Labour for the Party whose respect con- annual conference July stitution bordered on religious

BSP

members cam- said that unconstitu- paigned for a General Strike mania, tional measures were necessary intervention. Ernest Bevin, however, persuaded the because 'the disease is So desperate and dangerous delegates to a purely pass that it is only desperate and formal motion on the subject.

dangerous methods that can Very soon, however, events a remedy'. provide were to take a more The con. ference passed a motion calling turn when the British army withdrawal of British for the threatened to intervene in troops from the war, for the defence of the beleaguered This Soviet Poles. recognition of the produced the Union and authorizing the Council of Action call to any and every form of with- drawal of labour which cir- cumstances may require to the give effect foregoing to policy 55 weeks in the followed a national campaign was initiater where 350 coun.

cils were set up, usually accompanied by big meetings of leaflets calling for millions peace with Russia were printed distributed, and national demonstrations August 27 and Weteber 170n were run seems most likely that this had little effect on the Government's policy, since they probably had little inten- tion of helping the Poles any- way. did not do SO." Winston however, thought that the 'violent agitation' of the Labour movement 'under Com- munist influence and guidance' forced Lloyd George to tell the Poles that 'the British Govern- mentst tussia take an if toe against Russia' even defeated.s These Poles were are, nowever. less interest than the develop- ments the working class associated with the Council of war against the Soviet Union. Top: Robert Smillie, Action. Lenin, in a speech delivered later, some weeks said that 'the British Bourgeois Press declared that the Council of Action meant soviets. It did not call itself by that name but was. actually that is what it kind of dual It was the same power as we had under Keren- March 1917 from sky on- wards 59 No one was clearer Council leaders Action themselves. On August 17 National Council Action issued a leaflet to the local mili- tant title Form Your Councils of Action, but which went on 'care should be exercised as to the functions of the Local They are not in any Councils. the of way Trade usurp powers Unions' Executives especially so far as withdrawal of labour is concerned, but are of inform- act centres ation'. The national leadership boldly declared October that 'there likeli- appears П10 Russia] hood of peace with being secured by direct action', local requests to ana relusea extend the campaign other issues such as the demand for Irish independence by claiming that 'the Council's mandate is limited' 0 Wedgewood, a recent convert from Liberalism and a member of : the National Council, was clear about the Council's need for It restraint: has the necessary unanimity which en- sures moderation... unanimity is not often achieved in action.

Its power win be measurea ability its Such leaders could not, however, prevent local initi- atives of all kinds. After the Hyde Park demonstration of August 8 for instance 'a crowd of about 4,000 assembled on the Edgware Road... block- ing the thoroughfare. Police were called in to restore order, red flags were waved and there "Hands war!" organized force!" "Three cheers Fein!". Sinn As a result four made'. Other arrests were local initiatives were of a more organized though they lialule varied with the circumstances.

There were councils of action London, Manchester, Bir- and mingham other cities. Sheffield, the Council of Action was set up on August 15 and included the General Executive and of the Trades Labour Council, local shop steward convenors, union district com- mittee and two members from the Co- representatives Societies. Later the was calling for its to be extended to questions of Ireland, the un- employment and trade with The Council continued Russia. in existence until the following February.63 In Merthyr Tydfil organized worker represented the Central on which Counci of Action. nao a complicated network of com- mittees to deal with such matters transport, propa- as ganda and finance. This organ- mation at Wak special meeting at the end of August when its role was out- "Trade lined. Unions of function only in time industrial peace.' When there is a crisis in industry then 'the of trade tunctions unions are over, and there the machinery to take Up systematized problems way, preserve order and carry the administrative work that is necessary then." This the role was precisely Councils of Action were 1926. though The revolutionaries, to some extent aware of the the possibilities existing situation, ( did little to seize the The

WSF

by Tomate itself Communist calling the of Party (British the Third International) made the Point propaganda but correct It now did litte to act on it rests with the rank and file to miners' leader ho signed an appeal and helped organize strikes. Above left: Arthur Handersor see that these councils do not est Bevin who at the 1920 Labour Party conference tried to keep it to a formal motion Workers Press, Friday July 7, 1972 PAGE 7 become dead bodies, but that they infuse them with life and energy so that they are really Revolutionary Councils, which will work for the overthrow of capitalism and the establish- ment of a Communist Com- The mere setting monwealth. up of Councils is not enough.

They must be permeated with the Communist spirit, and to that end communists should endeavour to be repre- sented on them. Some mem- bers of the month-old Com- munist Party of Great Britain, just formed from the BSP and sections of the SLP, tried to act on this advice, but they clearly thought their member- ship of the local Councils was a right to be expected, rather than a privilege to be won.

A year later a leading member of the Communist Party ex- plained how it was that little had. achieved: 'The been Central Council ..• • maintained its hold on the situation. This was not a result of any brilliant measures on their part, but simply because no effort was prepared which would lead to their removal as the crisis developed. Had vigorous a criticism of their policy been maintained, had the idea of a leadership representing new the local councils of action steadily forwarded, the been possibility of securing new leadership would have been advanced enormously, and its main effect would have been to force the central authority to a more vigorous policy. 6 It was the political immaturity of the British Marxists which made them unable to seize the initiative at this high point in militancy the and inter- nationalism of the working class. In 1917 and in 1920, when soviets were begun in Britain, they could only have been developed through a struggle and against centrism the rapidly expanding bureaucracy.

On these two occasions the defence of the Russian Revolu- tion was an important event in the development of the working class and the_revolu- tionary movement. the future it could have led either to an appreciation of the gains which were being defended or to the mechanical defence of things Russian all later characteristic of the Stalinized Communist Party of Great Britain. A British October revolution will be carried for- ward only by those who can defend the gains of the last October revolution, and carry struggle out that against centrism and betrayal so lack- ing fifty years ago in Britain.

50 Daily Herald, April 30, 1920.

51 S. R. Graubard, op. cit., P. 93.

52 Pollit, op. cit., pp. 111-118.

Call, May 20 and June 53 The 10, 1920. 54 W. & Z. Coates, A History of Anglo-Soviet Relations (1943), the Special Conference on Labour and the Russo-Polish War (1920).

56 F. Bramley, J. Middleton and H. Lindsay, Report of the Council of_Action (October 18, 1920), pp.

57 See S. R. Graubard, op. cit., DD. 111-114 for a discussion of this point. Churchill, The World Crisis: the Aftermath (1929), p.

269. 59 V. Lenin,, Works, Collected Volume 31 (London, 1966), p.

308. 60 F. Bramley, et al., op. cit., PP.

8-7. 61 Article entitled The Council of Action: Triumph for Labour Unanimity in Review of Reviews, September-October 1920, p. 170.

62 Willesden Chronicle, August 13, 1920. 63 Sheffield Federated Trades and Labour Executive Council Minutes for August 15 and 17 and September 14, 1920, and January 14 and February 1, 1920.

64 W. Paul, Communism and Society (1922), p. 174-175. The Tydfil), Pioneer (Merthyr Sep- tember 4 and 18, 1920. 65 Workers' Dreadnaught, August 21, 1920. 66 The Communist, August 26, 1920. 67 Article entitled On Leading the Masses in the Communist Review, February 1922, p. 271.

PAGE 8 Workers Press, Friday July 7, '

REVIEWED BY JANE BROWN

REVOLUTIONI France • 1769-1794 by Sarcel Elmerl. Macmillan £1.85 and TWELVE WHO RULED by R. R. Palmer. Princeton paper- backs £1.30 The French Revolution of 1789, though not the first of the bourgeois revolu- tions which destroyed the political and social struc- tures of feudalism in western Europe, was the most explosive and far- reaching in its interna- tional effects. In 1789, King Louis XVI was forced to summon a meeting of the Estates General (repre- sentatives of the church, nobi- lity and people for the first time in over 100 years. The government was bank- rupt, and hoped that this meet- • legitimize ing would new forms of taxation, without interfering with the customary hierarchy of wealth and privi- lege. Instead, the meeting was to precipitate a revolution.

Though the peasants and workers, who had suttered the forms of oppression worst under feudalism, were not dir- ectly represented, the middle- 'Third Estate' took it class upon themselves to express the pent-up frustrations of the poor, as well as their own. The result was that they were able to mobilize the oppressed classes behind essentially demands for Lib- bourgeois erty, Equality, and Fraternity' The leaders of the church and nobility were driven out of the elected parliament, the King was stripped of his : dicta- torial powers and his aura of "divine right; , then eventually executed in January 1793.

By this stage the Revolution seemed to have acquired a momentum of its own. Suc- cessive 'moderate' middle-class politicians and their policies were toppled, through radical pressure from the workers of Paris, and at the same time France was threatened with invasion by well-equipped Austrian and Prussian armies intending to restore the monarchy. The bourgeois leaders were in disarray. Only a strong gov- ernment could restore order— in other words regain control of the workers and peasants, win the war, and salvage those reforms which would enable the French bourgeoisie to - move into a new era of capi- talist economic expansion.

This was where the 'Reign of Terror ', 1793-1794, came in. For a period of a few months, France was dominated by a Committee of Public Safety, y July 7, 1972 composed of 12 Jacobins. It established its authority by executions, then pro- mass ceeded to rule by decree. It overrode the elected govern- ment, yet it did so with the support of the most radicalized sections of the French working Class. It is not surprising that many bourgeois historians and novelists have chosen to con- centrate on this phase of the Revolution, to the exclusion of any serious consideration of what came before and after. In a sense, the Terror did mark . the culmination of the Revolution. Robespierre and.

the other Jacobin leaders were forced by the circumstances of 1793 to undertake very far- reaching reforms, many of which were retraced by the the "Thermi- governments of dorian reaction', 1794-1799, and by Napoleon Bonaparte.

Yet it is the image of Robes- pierre as a bloodthirsty mon- ster, and of the Revolution as vehicle of uncontrollable destruction, violence and which so fascinates writers nourished by the 'stable' bour- geois democracies of Britain and the USA-especially in a period when this 'stability' is once again under attack: Eimerl provides a particu- larly clear summary of their fears. The French Revolution is 'a picture of noble aspira- tions ... horribly transmuted into the triumph of tyranny, and it is a story of consider- able relevance to the uses of violence in our own world'.

This is indeed true! For in the course of capitalism's economic crisis, world "The weapons with which the bour- geoisie felled feudalism to the ground are now turned against the bourgeoisie itself' ('Com- munist Manifesto'). The crude falsifications of Eimerl's book are a symptom of the crisis of bourgeois his- torians. Their static, or 'evo- lutionary, view of history is daily belied by the rapid, con- tradictory developments of the class struggle; their propa- ganda for capitalist parlia- mentary democracy as the em- bodiment of 'freedom' is fast losing all credibility. In an attempt to recapture 'objectivity, Eimerl resorts to an anecdotal type of history.

Selected incidents of the particularly the Revolution, sufferings of the Royal Family and the bloodiest episodes of Terror, described are minute-by-minute. We have also a collection of pen-portraits of leading revolu- tionaries. Robespierre was 'obsessed with lust for a power'; Marat was 'a diseased, hate-filled dwarf; while Car- 'sometimes suffered from fits in which he would fall to the floor, howling like a dog.

•He was a maniac.... These lurid descriptions are hooked together into some kind of a narrative by such well-worn clichés as 'unfor- tunately' and 'unluckily' (refer- ring to the downfall of royal- ists and moderates). Describing the downfall of the loathsome Jacobin extrem- ists, Eimerl simply resorts to 'by coincidence... '! As for the Parisian workers, men- tioned rarely and with revul- sion, they were 'toughs and rowdies'; 'on the whole an ill- mannered, foul-mouthed and vicious lot; or, repeatedly, 'hoodlums'. It is a sign of the times history • written on this that level is being imported from America and circulated in Bri- tain, 1972. The author of the second book, R. Palmer, is a liberal'.

His weaknesses as a bour- geois historian writing on the subject of revolution show through in a more subtle way.

As the title suggests, he begins with biographical a approach. In tracing the early lives of the 12 men who were to make up the Committee of Public Safety, he does not become completely submerged in the quagmire of 'psycholo- gical: history. The backgrounds shed some light on the deeper causes of the French Revolu- With one possible exception (Collot d'Herbois), the Com- mittee members were solidly bourgeois, coming from com- fortably-off, well-educated homes. However, many of them had been frustrated in their careers by the aristocra- hierarchy which, tic for example, denied promotion in • the army above the rank of captain to all members of the bourgeoisie, however talented and brave they were. No less than eight of the Committee were lawyers. They had played a role in the numerous 'literary clubs', • at which the basically political works of Rousseau, Voltaire, Diderot and other writers of the 'Age of Reason' were dis- cussed. Palmer attaches very great importance to the ideas of these rationalist authors, who had found their inspiration in the materialist doctrines and scientific discoveries of the 17th century, as well as in the 'unreasonable' state of econo- mic, social and political life in 18th century France. Indeed, his attitude towards these writers betrays him as an idealist himself. He does not explain that without the under- lying economic and social changes of the past 200 years (including the English Civil War), such writers could not have thought and written as they did. Nor was it out of purely abstract interest that their works aroused so much debate in 'literary clubs'!

Nevertheless, Palmer's account of the Year of Terror shows something of the rela- tionship of conscious thought to revolutionary action. Amid the chaus of revolutionary France in 1793, he correctly of defines the role of the Com- mittee of Public Safety as an instrument of bourgeois rule.

Though they took 'Liberty' and 'Equality' as their slogans, the Jacobins aimed at the over- throw of the monopoly of power and wealth amassed by the monarchy and church, not at the achievement of equality between the bourgeoisie and the workers and peasants All classes were swept up in the activity of the Revolu- tion, none more so than the Top: Marat -Elmerl characterises him 'diseased hate-filled as a dwarf. Above: Parisian workers storm the bastile-to Eimerl they were 'toughs and rowdies'. Right: Robespierre workers (craftsmen, servants, shopkeepers etc.) of Paris and other large towns. Eimerl's 'hoodlums' in fact played a crucial role in forc- ing the hands of middle-class reformers at certain stages of the Revolution. On occasions they invaded the debates of the elected parliament to set for- ward their own demands-for the fixing of food prices, for the formation of a revolution- army, for revenge against ary such as the King and 'traitors' the aristocrats. As we have seen, such acti- vity by the masses, as well as foreign invasion, laid the basis for the highly-centralized gov- ernment of the Committee of Public Safety. The Committee did not people. Its merely execute government was highly efficient tly in other respects. It did forge the revolutionary army" which was later to defeat half the monarchies in Europe. It averted the immediate threat of famine by trying to impose the kind of war economy restrictions which have become familiar in the 20th century. Food prices were fixed; in some cases food was requisitioned; while 'hoarders' found their way to the guillo- tine as fast as priests and nobles. Yet it cannot be emphasized

too often that, despite the caricature of the Terror pre- sented by Eimerl and others, the bourgeois basis of the Revolution had not been over- thrown. No cohesive industrial and no independ- proletariat, working-class ent party, existed to replace the bour- geoisie, so that the 'Thermi- dorian Reaction' against Robes- pierre's expedient concessions was really inevitable, once the immediate threat of invasion had been repelled. As Marx wrote in 1848: 'At this stage the proletarians do not fight their enemies, but the enemies of their enemies ... every victory so obtained a victory for the bour- geoisie.' Instead of concentrating on this important and correct gen- eral conclusion, Palmer treats the policies of the Committee of Public Safety mainly from the point of view of the indi- vidual beliefs of its members, especially Robespierre. Many of the comparisons of Robespierre's speeches with the writings of Rousseau are relevant, but only if they are related to the concrete situa- tion of the French Revolution itself. For the historian, the issue at stake is not whether Robes- 'sincere' in his pierre was beliets, but rather where those ideas stemmed from, and their underlying implications. Palmer follows in the footsteps of the 18th century rational- ists when he discusses and compares 'ideas. as if they were devoid of social content.

Some aspects of Rousseau's theory of "The Social Contract' could in fact conveniently be fed back into the revolution- ary situation of 1793. Robespierre announced: 'The sovereignty of the people demands that the people be united; it is therefore opposed to all factions and all faction attack upon is a criminal sovereignty? Rousseau had written: ' ... what makes a will general is not so much the number of voices as the common interest that unites them', and opposed democracy on the grounds that 'so perfect a form of govern- ment is not for men'. Here the ideological was justification for dictatorship by the Committee of Public Safety. So long as the Com- mittee served the public interest, it might be said to rule by the 'general will, in Rousseau's sense of the term, even if a numerical majority of citizens opposed it and had no say whatsoever in the gov- ernment of the country. Similarly, Roussea's empha- sis on the importance of 'indi- vidual liberty' inextri- was cably linked with a belief in man's right to individual ownership of property, as it had been in the philosophy of Hobbes and Locke. Robespierre made it quite clear that his government- directed war economy was only intended to be temporary.

In fact, though cloaked in the language of the 'Age of Rea- son', Robespierre's political application of the theories of Rousseau comes down squarely in favour of a form of rule suited to the early develop- ment of bourgeois capitalism.

The successive governments of the Thermidorian Reac- tion' made explicit merely many of his claims to bour- geois supremacy. They replaced state control of the economy with 'free enterprise', and class resistance to this step.

The fact that the reaction was resisted shows that a pro- cess of political education had begun in the working class.

killed in 1796, has Babeuf, been called one of the first communists, because he advo- cated communal control of the distribution of all goods.

Meanwhile, broad layers of workers (especially in Paris) reached a higher level of poli- tical consciousness during the Revolution. The meetings of the 48 Sections of the Paris Commune were open to all citizens, and were the scene of fierce debate. Even if only a tiny minority broke from the essentially mid- dle-class doctrines of Jacob- inism, this example of working men talking, thinking and act- ing as a semi-organized force in life the nation's political offered inspiration to workers in many other countries in the early 19th century. Nowhere was the example more eagerly taken up than in Britain, where the economic demands of capitalism were already inexorably welding workers into a unified class, facing a common capitalist enemy. Workers Pr in Working - class Celand he Northern who are embattled by unemployment, poverty and the terror of the British army, might well re- flect on the fortunes of the Duke of Westminster, the former leader of the Ulster Unionists. Grosvenor his company, Estates, is planning a further develop- move into property ment in Hawaii and the United States. The company has linked with Jardine Matheson, the Hong Kong- based trading and investment group, to form a new company for the venture. Initially each will group pump around £300,000 into company which new already has three projects under review for residential and commercial development in the Hawaiian islands worth more than £20m. Grosvenor Estates has size- able interests in Britain. It owns a large slice of property in Belgravia and Mayfair and also has a big holding of agri- cultural property in Cheshire.

Other property is held in Canada and Australia as well as Hawaii. One of Grosvenor Estates' trustees, the Fifth Duke of Westminster, 'Pug', was a former Ulster Unionist MP at Westminster from 1955 to 1964, representing Fermanagh and South Tyrone. He was also a Senator in the Northern Ireland parliament, from 1964 to 1967. Stand by for the appearance of yet another whiz-kid on the British industrial and financial scene. You may not have heard of Jeffrey Bonas yet, but you soon will. Only 28 years old, he is already involved in at least five companies making rubber thread for trunk and pyjama topping, fireproof doors and importing of swimming pools.

His latest acquisition is Edward Webb and Son (Wor- cester) where he has acquired virtual control and the chair- manship in just over a month.

Webb make interlining for clothes and will be the launch- ing pad as a publicly-quoted company for Bonas's industrial and financial interests. Interestingly enough it was the whiz-kid of them all, Jim lorkers Press, Friday July 7, 1872 PAGE 8 Slater, who got him started in business. For it was the head of Slater Walter Securities who sold Bonas United Latex for the proverbial song in 1971.

Although the unquoted Melton Mowbray firm was los- ing money heavily, it had £800,000 of net assets and 25,000 sq.ft. of factory space, So a bargain was struck. On his first weekend with the firm as managing director, Bonas fired 50 to 60 workers.

And only last week he was quoted as saying: I hope you're not going to call me one of those awful young men. I've spread hap- piness wherever I've gone.'

And considering United Latex, through its main trad- ing subsidiary Girflex, controls the UK rubber nearly all thread manufacturing, the total Top: Slater. Below: Walker labourforce of 175 must really be working for their money.

Bonas is certainly learning from the masters of the trade.

His financial director, Roland Chandler, is an ex-Slater Walker man. And his property firm Bonas Securities, another subsidiary with about £100,000 in invest- ments, is being lined up for development more property through acquisitions. with Slater's tech- And, niques in mind, Bonas con- siders this subsidiary as an embryonic merchant bank. No doubt it will be happiness all the way.

LEON TROTSKY:

Germany 1931/1932 Paperback £1.25-Cloth £1.87} Where Is Britain Going ? Paperback 37}p Revolution Betrayed Paperback 62}p—cloth £1.05 Problems of the Chinese Revolution Paperback £1.124—Cloth £1.87} Permanent Revolution : Results and Prospects Paperback 75p In Defence of Marxism Paperback 75p Lessons of October Paperback 60p Postage 10p per book, 3p per pamphlet. Order from

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YOUNG SOCIALISTS' REGIONAL RIGHT-TO-WORK CAMPAIGN

PAGE 10 Workers Prosa, Friday July 7, 1972

WIGAN WEDNESDAY

FROM STEPHEN

JOHNS

ON

THE

MANCHESTER • LIVER-

POOL MARCH

WHELANS FROM

'Unemployment figure drops in the North West'-the local Wigan paper announced the

YOUNG SOCIALISTS

good news. But it didn't make Mike

NORTH WEST REGION

Hindley smile today when he stopped to chat to the marchers

RIGHT TO WOAK MARCH

at Wigan market place. He is one of the 136,000 working people in the North

MAYESTER TO LIVERPOO

West who are still on the dole. The Tory Minister's announcement that jobless queues has shrunk since the Year little New Mike- -a draughtsman, made redundant nine months ago by a Wigan paper machinery firm, and still looking for a 10D. ced he told me meto e he told placed, when Workers Press: for "There are openines draughtsmen in this area. fact I'm not fussy. I've applied for jobs on the production line but with no luck. the sole of his up He neid rather shabby shoe: "These are my last.' the decline mining and second highest collection local sergeant but 3,761 people like There are the Cane

LOWNI

aSO Ine mach. Wigan- Mike suffers from being surrounded At the old mining town Wigan another open-air coalmining centre of the North Like Mersetside so-called development areas West Houghton held meeting the place we West and now depressed raised and jobless meeting ot the more monev with average allu

OCOL

ODCI

all supa alea all campaign. The shoppers bought TOWn skelmerscale. New

DOIL.

nose busine s

SIOD

rate of 5.7 per cent. industry goes there to enjoy scores quickly file and the tins steward Jimmy Ashcroft came Unemployment in the town financial over and arranged grants and were the winter limited worse 5.5 percent, in A phil and way concessions and not to Wigan marred by an Wigan ine eront was Colecuon al une peak. In January The trip from unprovoked police attack between lunch- bolton a.m. ano solid working class constable the marchers. One time the through it was cent, and une and zoomed drivers and conductors collect minor has only seen territory sales collection reflect this. A mag- van, piled in the dole queue In LO tren week.v DaV. reducuon sellers total 140 Wori.ers the yelling move on' Other financial support came nificent percent Youth u rmployment and seized a lad, half his General and the way size, from sold Press Was 'Keep Street Municipal Workers' tiny with Left' Union and LIlOal about. We made a complaint to donations came to £9.50, the Ken Jackson, Wigan has been hard hit by Toe Subscribe! Support strengthens The daily paper that loads the workers press fight against the Torles. along the way 6c0 01 6 (0 800 Issues) £10.14 for 6 months £5.07 for 3 months (78 Issues) If you want to take Workers Press twice a week the rates are: £1.56 for 3 months (24 issues).

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The currency crisis

EAST

LONDON: Tuesday and the working class 11, Aber- Name foldy Streat. E.14. (nr Black- WILLESDEN: "Monday July 10, Tunnel). wall Hall, Irades and Labour Doll Address High Road, NW10. wuescen BRADFORD: Tuesday July 11, 'Shoulder Mutton' o.J.

ACTON:

Kirkgate 'Build Councils Above: A section of the marchers on their way to Wigan. They have support from all sections, won pensioners including old aged (below) electricians' and plumbers' union, promised to try and raise the local money in branches. Tomorrow we move on into the Liverpool area via St Helens and Kirkby new town which has one of the highest unemployment in the rates country.

ANCE MEETINGS

NEWARK: Wednesday July ! 12, 7.30 p.m. 'Rutland", Newark. Build 'Fight redundancies. Councils of Action. NORTH LONDON: Thursday July 13, 8 p.m. "Bricklayers Arms' Tottenham High Rd. (nr White Hart Lane).

raises questions in the House

BY ALEX MITCHELL

and Construction Services, an offshoot of the engineering and

THE

PRIVATE

business architectural empire of Mr John affairs of Mr Reginald Maud- Poulson. Poulson, a Yorkshire architect, ling received an airing in the built up a multi-million pound House of Commons yesterday.

group which built housing estates It was not the first time. And and sold its professional services it may not be the last. to overseas clients, particularly For some months now there in the Middle East and Africa pressure Persi sente explanation It the connection with was explanation pressure some Poulson that sparked off yester- business about ventures which Commons scenes. day's bore the ultimately respectable Poulson is currently appearing of Mr Maudling, imprint the before the Wakefield bankruptev Prime deputy Minister and court under public examination.

Home Secretary. During one of the hearings this When he chosen for the was week he revealed the extent of Home Office Maudling was fees paid to Maudling and other obliged by law to sever his advisers, including three MPs. business directorships. various After this evidence giving These included lucrative very 'collapsed'. He Poulson was with the international posts and taken to hospital later Dunlop rubber monopoly and the allowed to go home. powerful merchant banking Meanwhile the Liberal Party Kleinwort Benson. (Sir group Kleenwort decided to take the facts up Cyril was recently which had emerged in the court.

knighted by the Heath govern- Supported by Labour MP, Mr ment.) William Hamilton, they want to Although he had resigned know how MPs, including from by June 1970, them two Maudling, who is a Privy Coun- other business associations re- cillor, became involved in mained closely connected with ceiving exorbitant fees from the Maudling's Poulson empire. Hamle. One was his chairmanship of In court Poulson disclosed that the Real Estate Fund of America he made £334,722 payments of

(REFA),

offshore an property These included: over eight years. fund started American £22,000 to the Adeline Genee hustler, Jerome Hoffman. Theatre Trust, East Grinstead (Hoffman is now serving two £8,000 a year at Maudling's re- years in a New York penitentiary his wife's quest to favourite charges connected with charity, instead of his salary as fund.) chairman of International Tech- The other was his chairman- and Construction nical Services, Technical ship of International one of Poulson's firms. lupert Davies (I) as Baker and Robert Cawdron as Chiel Supt Corne n 'Hawk Street Horror' In BBC 1'g 'Man Outside' serles tonigh

ITV

BBC 1

11.30 We Was All One. 12.25 9.20 Camberwick Green. 12.55 Women. Freud Food. 12.50 on Eu Tyb A'u Tebyg. 1.30 Finger- 1.15 Bellbird. 1.30 Dan. 1.40 2.05 bobs. 1.45 News, weather. 1.53 Bush Boy. Castle Haven. 2.30 Good Afternoon. 3.00 Rac- Wimbledon. 4.50 Magic Round ing. 3.45 Delta (New Series). about. 4.55 Monkees. 5.20 Cab- 4.40 Happy House (New Series).

bages and Kings. 5.44 Parsley.

4.55 Land of the Giants. 5.50 News. 5.50 News, weather.

MIDSUMMER MONTY.

6.00 Monty Modlyn.

6.30 THE

NEW

DICK VAN

6.00 LONDON THIS WEEK.

DYKE SHOW.

6.15 WIMBLEDON 1972.

7.00 THE SKY'S THE LIMIT.

7.30

THE

FBI.

Breakthrough. 7.15 THE VIRGINIAN. A Small 8.30

IN FOR A PENNY.

(New Taste of Justice. Series). Comedy

BUDGIE.

Brief Encounter 9.00

8.30 LOOK-MIKE YARWOOD.

and With Adam Faith Margaret Nolan. 9.00 NEWS, Weather.

10.00 NEWS

POLICE FIVE.

9.20 THE MAN OUTSIDE. Hawk 10.30 THE FRIGHTENERS. (New 10.40 Street Horror. Series). Ordinary people

10.10 DAVE ALLEN AT LARGE.

threatened by situations of out control.

SHADOW

OF

THE GUIL-

10.55 POINTING

THE

WAY.

11.10

LOTINE.

story of the Harold Macmillan in con- French Revolution. versation with Robert 12.30

CAN

BUSINESS

AFFORD

A CONSCIENCE?

McKenzie. Mrs Maudling was president of the production company which went into liquidation in 1968.

The last made by payment Poulson was in March, 1969.

Referring to payments made Genee Trust, to the Adeline Poulson said it was a deed taken out by him at Maudling's request instead of payments made to him as chairman of ITCS. He wanted to help this theatre fund of his wife's and he preferred it to be done this way. A letter from Maudling was read in court which said: I enclose another covenant as ar- ranged. I would be most grate- ful if you could arrange for it to be sent to the Trust before we leave for Liberia. (Maudling's offshore venture, REFA, was registered in Liberia).

• £155,518 to I. Dan Smith, then chairman of the Northern Economic Planning Council.

(Last Smith, a leading year figure in the Labour Party hierarchy, was acquitted at the corruption Bailey on charges.) •£11,508 to Albert Roberts, Labour MP for Normanton, for help with a contract for hospi- tal building in Spain. Referring to the sum given to Roberts, Poulson said that he seemed very friendly with the Spanish and Portuguese govern- ments. He was recommended to him by the Spanish authorities as a who might be able to person help with a contract he had got for building a hospital in Spain.

CHANNEL: 1.45

4.05 Racing. Happy house. 4.18 Puffin. 4.22 Jimmy Stewart. 4.50 Flintstones.

5.20 Primus. 5.50 News. 6.00 News. What's 6.15 Report. 6.35 7.00 London. 10.35 Film: 'The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond'. 12.15 News, weather. WESTWARD. As Channel except: 3.55 Gus Honeybun. 4.18 News.

6.00 Diary. 6.25 Sports desk.

10.32 News. 12.15 Faith for life.

SOUTHERN: 2.30 London. 3.45 Weekend. 4.00 Cartoon. 3.55 Houseparty. 4.15 Paulus. 4.30 Crossroads. 4.55 Voyage. 5.50

BBC 2

11.00 Play School. 4.15 Wimble- don. 7.25 NEWSROOM, Weather.

7.55 THE MONEY PRO.

GRAMME. Strike village- Clipstone (Notts) during the national coal strike.

9.00 GARDENERS' WORLD.

9.25 ONE PAIR OF EYES. Tom Stoppard Doesn't Know. 10.10 SPORT TWO. Colin Wel- land and lan Wooldridge presenting Match of the Day from Wimbledon; Billy Casper-golfer. 11.30 NEWS, Weather.

11.35 LATE NIGHT LINE-UP.

Workers Pret Roberts is an NUM-sponsored MP. • £21,419 to W. G. Pottinger, permanent secretary of the De- partment of Agriculture at the office. Scottish This included about while i expenses 'him a £20,000 house. building He also provided him with a Rover •car, but denied paying £90 for him to have a suit made at his personal tailors. • £5,928 to John Cordle, Tory MP for Bournemouth East, and secretary of the House of Com- mons Anglo-Nigerian group.

He is a member of the Arch- bishop of Canterbury's Commis- Evangelism, a director sion of the Church of England News- paper and freeman of the City of London. • £2,972 to A. J. Merritt, who retired in 1968 as the Minstry of Health's principal officer with the Leeds Regional Hospital Board. In a letter Poulson asked Maudling to arrange a cruise for Merritt who had been 'extremely helpful'. • £21,666 to the late Sir Her- bert Butcher, MP for Boston and Holland, Lincs. • A private car for his brother C. A. Poulson, then manager of Barclays Bank in Horbury. The Liberals' attack is not the first time they have barked at Maudling's heels. On February 21 last, John Pardoe asked the Attorney-General, Sir Peter Raw- linson, when he expects to re- ceive the report of the Director of Public Prosecutions about the International Investors Group or News. 6.00 Day by day. Scene South East. 6.30 Who do you do? 7.00 In for a penny. 7.30 Weekend. Sale. 7.35

8.05 FBI.

9.00 London. 10.30 Name of the game. 11.55 News. 12.05 Weather.

Guideline. HTV: 2.15 Racing. 3.45 Women.

4.15 Tinkertainment. 4.30 Cross- roads. 4.55 Woobinda. 5.20 Flax- ton Boys. 5.50 News. 6.01. Re- port West. 6.15 Report Wales.

6.30 Jimmy Stewart. 1.00 In tor 3 penny. 7.30 Comedians. 8.00 County. 9.00 London. 10.30 Cinema. 11.00 Film: 'Dip- lomatic Corpse'. 12.15 Scales of Justice. 12.45 Weather. HTV Wales and HTV Cymru/ Wales above except: 4.15 as Cantamil. 6.01 Y Dyda. HTV West as above except: 6.18 BOI Report West. ANGLIA: 1.40 World War I. 2.05 Mad movies. 2.30 London. 3.45 Yoga. 4.10 News. 4.15 Cartoons.

4.25 Romper room. 4.50 London.

6.00 About Anglia. 6.30 Cross- roads. 7.00 Glamour 72. 7.30 Sky's the limit. 8.00 Combat. 9.00 London. 10.30 Probe. 11.00 Film: 'Valley of Decision'. MIDLANDS: 1.45 Racing. Horoscope. 3.45 Women. 4.10 Julia. 4.40 Happy house.

4.55 Lost in space. 5.50 News.

6.00 Today. 6.35 Crossroads. 7.00 in for a penny. 7.30 Persuaders.

8.30 Comedians. 9.00 London. 10.30 Film: 'Lady in a Cage'.

YORKSHIRE: 1.45 Racing. 2.15 Under these roofs. 2.30 London.

Crossroads. house. 4.55 Skippy. 5.20 Flint- stones. 5.50 News. 6.00 Calen- dar. 6.30 Partners. 7.00 London.

akers Press, Friday July 7, 1872 PAGE 11 Reginald Maudling (right) listens business Intently to his former partner Jerome D. Hoffman, who a two-year jail is now serving sentence in New York its subsidiaries. (IG was the parent manage.

of the Real ment company Estate Fund of America. It was registered in Britain and Maud-. ling, Lord Brentford, a former Tory. Minister, and his son, Crispin Joynson-Hicks, were all directors.) Rawlinson's written reply was sensational—although it was un- reported by the capitalist press.

He admitted: 'An investigation of the Group into the affairs and its subsidiaries by the police and investigators of the Depart- ment of Trade and Industry, in consultation with counsel, is progressing. When these investi- gations have been completed, a report will be sent to the Direc- tor of Public Prosecutions for his consideration.' In other words the Scotland Yard fraud squad and John Davies' department are actively investigating the companies once the Home presided over Secretary! So far there is no hint if the DPP, Sir Norman Skelhorn, has received the papers or whether he intends to launch prosecutions. Meanwhile, in the United civil action has been States, taken against the fund's founder, Jerome D. Hoffman, and the British directors. A civil action is still pending in New York in which Maudling, Brentford and Joynson-Hicks are named in a $10m fraud case. Yesterday's rumblings in parliament may be only the start of much wider and more ex- plosive politically explosive developments. 10.30 Film: 'They Died with Their Boots On'. 1.00 Weather. GRANADA: 1.45 Racing. 3.45 University challenge. 4.10 News.

Peyton place. 4.40 Happy house.

4.50 Skippy. 5.15 Funky phantom.

5.50 London. 6.00 News. 6.30 Riptide. 7.25 In for a penny. 8.00 Protectors. 8.25 Comedians. 9.00 London. 10.30 Film: 'Passionate Summer'. TYNE TEES: 1.45 Racing. 2.15 Under these roofs. 2.30 Yoga. 3.00 Racing. 3.45 Jimmy Stewart.

4.10 News. 4.15 Crossroads. 4.40 Make a wish. 4.55 Thunderbirds.

5.50 | News. 6.00 Today. 6.30 Partners. 7.00 London. 10.30 Film: 'Bunny Lake is Missing'.

12.35 News. 12.50 Epilogue.

BORDER: 1.45 Racing. 3.40 Head- 3.45 lines. Kate. 4.40 Happy House. 4.55 Lidsville. 5.20 Rovers. 5.50 News. 6.00 News.

Lookaround. 6.25. Sports review.

6.35 Crossroads. 7.00 Sky's the limit. 7.30 In for a penny. 8.00 Shirley's world. 8.25 Comedians.

9.00 London. 11.00 Name of the game. 12.25 News. SCOTTISH: 1.45 Racing. 3.35 Horoscope. 3.45 Women. 4.10 Animaland. 4.15 Crossroads. 4.40 Happy house. 4.55 Skippy. 5.20 Cartoons. London. 5.50 6.00 News. 6.15 Love, American style.

len. 7.00 In for a penny. 7.00 Sky's use. the limit. 7.30 Saint. 8.30 Helen McArthur. 9.00 London. 10.30 in 7.00 camera. 11.00 At odds. 11.30 Late call. 11.35 Marcus Welby.

GRAMPIAN: 1.45 Racing. 3.38 News. 3.45 Women. 4.10 Yoga.

4.40 Happy house. 4.55 Rumblie jumblie. 5.20 Bush boy. 5.50 London. 6.00 News. 6.10 Mr and Mrs. 6.35 Crossroads. 7.00 Sky's ppy the limit. 7.30 UFO. 8.30 London.

10.30 Hogan's heroes. 11.00 Job len- 10ok. 11.05 Film: 'The Mummy's Ion. Hand'. Road report.

war ment that 'severe price restraint' should de- measure crisis. after densely-packed the page programme is several thousand words and programme under Labour in ten vears could mean: National societies, of chairman was and alter- native to The was renewing its demand for as soon pro- election The manifesto is not envisaged until countries had conference), he claimed. What was needed was international leaders want. settlement on currencies. journalists yesterday that the document is very much volun- and be interim must said of would as society treasurer operate in the against on current re- on ate industrial relations on, section in three with in this page as we have you us a Main- start our July tain raise our target the £1.750 in Support mentioned cer- marches Home Sec- In encouraging. town every and have examined with •The the and we shall be urgency make govern- we • See full ventures on for our paper. can. you not rest these wherever immedlately to: struck strong marched Both stoppages were over be mostly times the rain at morning. at first. noon terday and Sun- to workers cool but east. Strike committee east. 'not interested' Registered as the Post lewspaper : that Published Tinker Office. Proce Clasham Street. 186a High Tandon. expected not Ploush Printed 806 Canham Hich Street. out agreed industrial and work policies.' declaration on these LanKSSoomusecrour baere val uculal!y alca

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